The number of protons in an atomic nucleus, or the number of electrons outside the nucleus, is called the atomic number of the atom. There are 118 elements that have been generally recognized, and each has its own atomic number, starting with hydrogen with atomic number 1 and ending with oganesson with atomic number 118. The chemical properties of each atom are determined by the arrangement of the number of electrons outside the nucleus, so the atomic number is an important factor that governs the chemical properties of the atom. In other words, when elements are arranged in order of atomic number, elements with similar arrangements of valence electrons in the outermost shell appear repeatedly, and elements with similar chemical properties appear periodically, forming the periodic table of elements. In this way, the atomic number is one of the basic properties of atoms and is the most important in chemistry. However, this was not clarified in the past, and historically, the atomic number was determined when the periodic table was discovered. In other words, the periodic law was first discovered by arranging elements in order of atomic weight, and the ordinal numbers at that time were used as atomic numbers. However, this method was incomplete because it reversed the positions and orders expected from chemical properties, and there were many undiscovered elements. Subsequently, with the discovery of Moseley's law in the characteristic X-ray spectrum of atoms (1913) and the emergence of Bohr's theory of the atomic model (1913), the true meaning of the atomic number gradually became clear, and it became clear that the atomic number, rather than the atomic weight, determines the properties of an atom. [Nakahara Katsunori] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原子核中の陽子の数、あるいは原子中の核外電子の数を、その原子の原子番号という。これまで一般に認められている元素は118種類であるが、これらには水素の原子番号1から始まって原子番号118のオガネソンまでそれぞれの原子番号がつけられている。各原子の化学的性質は核外電子の数の配列によって定まるから、原子番号は原子の化学的性質を支配する重要な因子となる。すなわち、各元素を原子番号の順に並べると、最外殻の原子価電子の配列が同じようなものが繰り返し出てきて、同じような化学的性質をもった元素が周期的に出現し、元素の周期表ができあがる。このように原子番号は原子の基本的性質の一つで、化学においてもっとも重要なものとなっている。しかし古くはこのようなことが明らかにされておらず、歴史的には逆に、周期表が発見されたことから原子番号が定められた。すなわち、初めは元素を原子量の順に並べるということで周期律が発見され、そのときの序数を原子番号としたのである。しかしこのようにすると、化学的性質から考えられる位置と順序が逆になっているところがあり、また多くの未発見の元素もあって完全ではなかった。その後、原子の特性X線スペクトルにおけるモーズリーの法則の発見(1913)や、原子模型のボーアの理論などの出現(1913)によって、しだいに原子番号の真の意味が明らかにされ、原子量よりも原子番号のほうが原子の性質を規定することが明確になった。 [中原勝儼] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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