The Theory of Hard and White (English: Jiān bái lùn)

Japanese: 堅白論 - けんぱくろん（英語表記）Jiān bái lùn

This refers to the logic of Gongsun Long, a famous scholar of the Warring States period in China. According to the current Gongsun Longzi, a "hard, white stone" can be analyzed into its "hardness" as felt by the hand and its "whiteness" as seen by the eye, and these two are not real entities but are built into the "stone" and are attributes of the "stone" as perceived by the human "god." By analyzing an object into two concepts and discussing the method of concretely recognizing individual objects, this theory, along with "The White Horse is Not a Horse," was later considered one of the two great sophisms of the famous scholar. It can be said to take a nominalist stance in opposition to the idealism of Xunzi and others.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

中国，戦国期の名家，公孫竜の論理をいう。現在の《公孫竜子》によると，〈堅く，白い石〉は，手にふれて知る〈堅さ〉と目でみて知る〈白さ〉に分析でき，この二者は実在としてでなく〈石〉に内蔵され，ヒトの〈神〉によって知覚される〈石〉の属性である。1物体を2個の概念に分析して，個物の具体認識の方法を論じたことで，〈白馬非馬論〉とともに，のちに名家の二大詭弁とされた。荀子らの実念論に対し唯名論の立場にたつ，といいうる。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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