War paintings

Japanese: 戦争画 - せんそうが
War paintings

There are three types of paintings with war as their theme: (1) those depicting battle scenes, (2) those depicting heroes and soldiers who participated in the war, and (3) those depicting the damage caused by war. Among the first type, some works are considered history paintings.

This theme, which has its antecedents in the reliefs of ancient Greece and Rome, was depicted as a kind of history painting by many artists from the Renaissance onwards, and was formalised in works such as Uccello's Battle of San Romano, Altdorfer's Battle of Issus and Leonardo da Vinci's Battle of Anghiari, before passing through Rubens' Battle of the Amazons, Velázquez's Sack of Breda, Meissonier's 1814, Gros' Napoleon at Eyraut and finally reaching its climax in Delacroix's Massacre at Chios.

War paintings have taken on a modern form by not only depicting battle scenes, but also exposing and denouncing the horrors of battle. The origins of war paintings can be found in the works of Poussin, Duccio, Tintoretto, Bruegel, and others on the theme of "Massacre of the Innocents." Humanistic works of war criticism originating from Jacques Callot's copperplate print "The Disasters of War," Goya's copperplate print series "The Disasters of War," and Goya's oil paintings "The Second of May, 1808" and "The Shooting of the Third of May, 1808" have come to fruition in a clearer form in the works of contemporary artists, through Manet's "The Execution of Maximilian" and Henri Rousseau's "War." There are notable works by German Expressionist painters, as well as Chagall, Moore, and Miro, but Picasso's "Guernica," "Massacre in Korea," and "War and Peace" can be said to be the greatest achievements of the 20th century.

In Japan, this theme first appeared in a group of medieval picture scrolls such as "The Tale of Heiji," "Ekotoba: The Illustrated Story of the Battle of Gosannen," and "Ekotoba: The Mongol Invasion," and has since been depicted in various forms, but it has tended to be historical paintings. Furthermore, Nishikie prints from the Edo period gave rise to a form of popular entertainment known as "musha-e," which recreated warlords and battles of the past. In the modern era, it was also depicted as historical paintings, and as war paintings by contemporary artists on the occasion of successive wars. Many artists actively participated in the production of these paintings, particularly during World War II. Works by Tsuguharu Foujita, Saburo Miyamoto, and Ryohei Koiso are well known, but it is not thought that they produced artistic achievements large enough to form a separate field of modern painting.

[Shinichi Segi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

戦争を主題にした各種の絵画。大別して、〔1〕戦闘場面を描いたもの、〔2〕戦争に参加した英雄や軍人を描いたもの、それに、〔3〕戦争による被害を描いたもの、の3種となる。第一のものでは、歴史画として扱われる作品もある。

 古代ギリシアやローマの浮彫りに先例がみられるこの主題は、ルネサンス以後、多くの画家によって一種の歴史画として描かれており、ウッチェロの『サン・ロマーノの戦い』、アルトドルファーの『イッソスの戦い』、レオナルド・ダ・ビンチの『アンギアリの戦い』などにおいて形式を整えた。その後、ルーベンスの『アマゾンの戦い』、ベラスケスの『ブレダの開城』、メソニエの『1814年』、グロの『エイローのナポレオン』を経て、さらにドラクロワの『キオス島の虐殺』において頂点に達する。

 戦争画は、単に戦闘の場面を描写するだけではなく、その惨状を暴露・告発する視点にたつことで近代的形態をとるに至るが、その源流としてプーサン、ドゥッチオ、ティントレット、ブリューゲルらの「嬰児(えいじ)虐殺」のテーマによる諸作をあげることができる。ジャック・カロの銅版画『戦争の悲惨』、ゴヤの連作銅版画『戦争の惨禍』、同じくゴヤの油彩画『1808年5月2日』と『同5月3日の銃殺』に発する人間主義的な戦争批判の作品は、マネの『マクシミリアンの処刑』やアンリ・ルソーの『戦争』を経て、現代作家の諸作に、より鮮明な形で結実している。ドイツ表現主義の画家をはじめ、シャガール、ムーア、ミロたちにも注目すべき作品があるが、ピカソの『ゲルニカ』『朝鮮の虐殺』『戦争と平和』は、20世紀における最大の成果ということができよう。

 日本でも中世の絵巻の一群『平治(へいじ)物語絵巻』『後三年合戦絵詞(えことば)』『蒙古(もうこ)襲来絵詞』などにこの主題が表れて以来、さまざまな形で描かれてきたが、歴史画的な傾向が強い。また江戸時代の錦絵(にしきえ)には、過去の武将や戦闘を復原する武者絵という大衆娯楽的な形式が生まれている。近代以降には、歴史画として、また相次ぐ戦争の機会に現代作家による戦争画としても描かれる。とくに第二次世界大戦中には多数の作家がその制作に積極的に参加した。藤田嗣治(つぐじ)、宮本三郎、小磯(こいそ)良平らの諸作が記憶されるが、近代絵画の一領域を形成するほどの芸術的成果を生んだとは考えられない。

[瀬木慎一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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