Architect - kenchikushi

Japanese: 建築士 - けんちくし
Architect - kenchikushi

An architect is an engineer who designs buildings and supervises construction, and is licensed after passing the qualification exam established by the Architects Act (1950). There are three types of architects: first-class architects, second-class architects, and wooden architects. First-class architects can design and supervise all buildings, but second-class architects are limited to wooden buildings with a height of 13 meters or less, a total floor area of ​​1,000 square meters or less, or one floor, and small non-wooden buildings with a total floor area, height, and eaves height below a certain level. Wooden architects are limited to designing and supervising construction of buildings with two floors or less and a total floor area of ​​300 square meters or less. Qualifications for taking the qualification exam also differ depending on the type of building. The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism administers the exam for first-class architects, while the prefectural governor administers the exam for second-class architects, and the respective licenses are issued.

Generally, only architects can design buildings or supervise construction. This is called a monopoly on business. In this case, design means creating the drawings and specifications (called design documents) necessary for the construction of a building, and construction supervision means checking that the construction is being carried out in accordance with the design documents. Other duties performed by architects include paperwork related to construction contracts, supervision of construction work, surveys or appraisals of buildings, and acting as an agent for procedures based on laws and ordinances related to architecture (such as confirmation applications). Architects are expected to perform these duties in good faith and strive to improve the quality of buildings. If an architect performs design, construction supervision, and other duties as a business in return for remuneration, he or she must register an architect's office with the prefectural governor.

A major feature of Japan's architect system, based on the Architects and Building Engineers Act, is that the people who qualify as architects are not only those who specialize in design and construction supervision, but also teachers, public officials, construction workers, and everyone else. In particular, architects are allowed to work concurrently with construction workers, which differs from other countries in that architects are considered a profession independent of construction workers. This is why the Architects Act is said to be a qualifications law.

In 2005, a case where a former first-class architect falsified earthquake resistance calculations for an apartment building shocked society, and this triggered major changes in the system of architects, including the revision of the Building Standards Act and the Architects Act. The main changes were aimed at improving the qualifications and abilities of architects and clarifying the responsibility for architectural design and construction supervision, which is an exclusive business. For buildings that exceed certain conditions, it is now mandatory for architects with highly specialized skills, such as first-class structural design architects and first-class equipment design architects, to check the legal compliance of the structural design and equipment design. In addition, it is now mandatory for clients and architectural offices to have important matters explained and confirmed in writing by the architectural office's supervising architect before concluding a design and construction supervision contract, and the responsibility of architectural offices that become parties to architectural design and construction supervision contracts has been strengthened, including a prohibition on subcontracting to parties other than architectural offices.

[Tetsuichi Akiyama]

[Reference items] | Architectural confirmation | Architectural design

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

建築物の設計、工事監理などを行う技術者のことで、建築士法(1950)によって定められた資格試験に合格し、免許を受けたものをいう。建築士には一級建築士と二級建築士および木造建築士がある。一級建築士はすべての建築物の設計、工事監理ができるが、二級建築士は、木造建築では高さが13メートル以下で延べ面積が1000平方メートル以下か階数が1のもの、非木造建築では延べ面積、高さ、軒高が一定以下の小規模建築などに限定されている。木造建築士は、階数が2以下で延べ面積が300平方メートル以下のものの設計・工事監理に限られている。また、建築の種類により資格試験の受験資格も異なる。一級建築士は国土交通大臣、二級建築士は都道府県知事が試験を実施し、それぞれ免許を交付する。

 一般に、建築士でないと建築物の設計、工事監理は行えない。このことを業務独占という。この場合の設計とは、建築物の建築工事実施のために必要な図面および仕様書(設計図書という)を作成することであり、工事監理とは、工事を設計図書と照合し、それが設計図書どおりに実施されているかどうかを確認することをいう。このほかに建築士が行う業務としては、建築工事契約に関する事務、建築工事の指導監督、建築物に関する調査または鑑定、建築に関する法令、条例に基づく手続(確認申請など)の代理などがあげられる。建築士は、これらの業務を誠実に行い、建築物の質の向上に努めなければならないとされている。建築士が設計、工事監理などの業務を報酬を得て業として行う場合は、都道府県知事から建築士事務所の登録を受けなければならない。

 建築士法に基づいた日本の建築士制度は、建築士の資格の対象者が設計、工事監理などを専業とするもののみならず、教員、官公吏、施工業者などのすべてを含んでいることに大きな特徴がある。とくに施工業者との兼業を認めている点が、施工業者と独立した職能として位置づけられている諸外国のアーキテクトarchitect(建築家)と異なる。建築士法が資格法であるといわれるのはこのためである。

 2005年(平成17)に元一級建築士がマンションの耐震強度構造計算書を偽造した事件が大きく社会を揺るがしたことを発端に、建築基準法・建築士法改正という、建築士制度をめぐる大きな変化があった。主要な変更の視点としては、建築士の資質・能力向上と独占業務である建築設計・工事監理責任の明確化である。一定の条件を超える建築物については構造設計一級建築士、設備設計一級建築士などの高度な専門能力を有する建築士による構造設計および設備設計の法適合性チェックが義務付けられた。さらに、発注者と建築士事務所が、設計・工事監理契約締結前に、建築士事務所の管理建築士等による重要事項説明および書面による確認の義務付けが図られ、また、建築士事務所以外への再委託の禁止など、建築設計・工事監理業務契約当事者となる建築士事務所責任が強化された。

[秋山哲一]

[参照項目] | 建築確認 | 建築設計

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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