A type of quantitative analysis in which the component to be quantified is first separated from other components by some method to make it easier to weigh, and its mass is measured using an analytical balance. The mass value is then used to calculate the mass percentage of the component contained in the target substance. There are various methods, but the most widely used is called the precipitation gravimetry, in which a certain amount of the sample is accurately measured, dissolved in an appropriate reagent, and a precipitant is added to precipitate only the target component, which is then filtered and separated from the other solution components, and if necessary, dried or ignited in a crucible and weighed as a compound of a certain composition. Other methods include the volatilization gravimetry, in which the sample is volatilized by heating, the volatile components are absorbed in a weighed appropriate absorbent, and the increase in mass is measured or the volatile components are expelled and the mass loss is measured to determine the quantity; the electrolytic gravimetry, in which the target component is precipitated on a pre-weighed electrode by electrolysis and quantified; and the extraction gravimetry, in which the target component is extracted and separated using an appropriate solvent. Gravimetric analysis can be applied to the quantification of most elements, and while other analytical methods quantify elements by comparing them with values obtained from standard substances of known concentration, this method has the major advantage of not requiring standard substances. However, it has the disadvantages of requiring skill in the procedures of separation from coexisting components and heating, and of being slow. [Takada Takeo] "The Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry" by Masatada Satake, Yoshiyuki Mido, and Toru Nagahiro (1994, Kyoritsu Shuppan) " "Basic Analytical Chemistry" by Hiroshi Imaizumi, Kazumasa Ueda, and others (1998, Kagaku Dojin) " "Analytical Chemistry" revised edition by Kunihiko Watanuki (1999, Science Press) [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
定量分析の一種で、定量しようとする成分をなんらかの方法で、まず他の成分から分離して秤量(ひょうりょう)しやすくして、化学天秤(てんびん)を用いてその質量を測る。ついでこの値から計算によって目的物質に含まれているその成分を質量%で求める分析法である。種々の方法があるが、もっとも広く用いられているのは沈殿重量法とよばれるもので、試料の一定量を正確に測り取り、これを適当な試薬で溶解したのち、沈殿剤を加えて目的成分のみを沈殿させ、これを濾別(ろべつ)して他の溶液成分から分け、必要に応じて乾燥またはるつぼ中で強熱して一定組成の化合物として秤量する。そのほか、加熱によって揮発分離し、揮発成分を秤量した適当な吸収剤に吸収させ、その質量の増加を測ったり、揮発成分を追い出し、質量の減少を測って定量する揮発重量法、電気分解によってあらかじめ秤量しておいた電極上に目的成分を析出させて定量する電解重量法、適当な溶媒によって目的成分を抽出分離する抽出重量法などもある。 重量分析はほとんどの元素の定量に適用でき、また他の分析法は濃度が既知の標準物質により得られた値との比較で定量を行うのに対し、この方法は標準物質を必要としない点に大きな特徴がある。ただ共存成分から分離、加熱する操作に熟練を要し、かつ迅速性に欠ける点が難点となる。 [高田健夫] 『佐竹正忠・御堂義之・永広徹著『分析化学の基礎』(1994・共立出版)』▽『今泉洋・上田一正他著『基礎分析化学』(1998・化学同人)』▽『綿抜邦彦著『分析化学』新訂版(1999・サイエンス社)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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