Protoplasma

Japanese: 原形質 - げんけいしつ(英語表記)protoplasma
Protoplasma

It refers to the living part of the material that makes up the cells of animals and plants. This term is a Japanese translation of the term protoplasma, which was used by Czech animal physiologist Purkinje in 1840 for animal cells and by German botanist H. V. Moll in 1846 for plant cells. However, as research on isolating the various parts that make up protoplasm progresses, the term protoplasm, which refers to the entirety of the cells, has become less meaningful and is being used less frequently, except for protoplasmic flow and plasmolysis. The parts of cells other than the living part (protoplasm) are called metaplasm, and typical examples include plant cell walls, pigments, storage substances, and secretory granules. Protoplasm is a polydisperse system that uses water as a dispersion medium, and includes three types: molecular dispersion systems (solutions of inorganic salts and low molecular weight compounds), colloidal systems (polymeric compounds), and coarse dispersion systems (organelles and insoluble substances). Protoplasm is 85% water, with other chemical components including approximately 10% protein, 1% nucleic acid, 2% lipid, and 1.5% inorganic matter. Normally, the protoplasm around the cell is composed of a highly viscous protoplasmic gel, but it undergoes a reversible transformation between the sol and the protoplasm. This sol-gel transformation is thought to play an important role in cell movements such as amoeboid movement and endocytosis (a general term for the uptake of substances from the outside world by the flow of the cell membrane), and these cell movements and protoplasmic streaming are related to the fibrous structure of the actomyosin system. Protoplasmic gel appears transparent and homogenous under an optical microscope. The protoplasm inside the cell is a sol with many granules. The elasticity, viscoelasticity, viscosity, osmotic pressure, and colloidal osmotic pressure of protoplasm are important physical properties of the cell.

[Hiroshi Ooka]

[References] | Cell | Cytoplasm | Purkinje | Mole

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動物、植物の細胞を構成している物質のうち、生きている部分をいう。この語は、1840年にチェコの動物生理学者プルキンエが動物細胞について、1846年にドイツの植物学者H・V・モールが植物細胞について、その内容物をプロトプラズマprotoplasmaとよんだものの和訳である。しかし原形質を構成する各部分を分離して行う研究が進むにつれて、それらをまとめた原形質という表現の意義は少なくなり、原形質流動、原形質分離などを除いては、使用頻度が減りつつある。細胞の生きている部分(原形質)以外の部分は後形質といい、代表的なものは植物の細胞壁、色素、貯蔵物質、分泌顆粒(かりゅう)などである。原形質は水を分散媒とする多分散系で、分子分散系(無機塩、低分子化合物の溶液)、コロイド系(高分子化合物)、粗大分散系(細胞小器官、不溶性物質)の3系を含んでいる。原形質の85%は水であり、その他の化学組成はタンパク質約10%、核酸約1%、脂質約2%、無機物約1.5%などである。普通、細胞の周辺部の原形質は粘性の高い原形質ゲルで構成されているが、原形質ゾルとの間に可逆的な転換をする。このゾル‐ゲル転換はアメーバ運動、エンドサイトーシス(細胞膜の流動による外界からの物質の取り込み作用の総称)などの細胞運動に重要な働きをすると考えられ、これらの細胞運動や原形質流動にはアクトミオシン系の繊維構造が関係している。原形質ゲルは光学顕微鏡では透明、均質に見える。細胞内部の原形質はゾルで顆粒が多い。原形質の弾性、粘弾性、粘性、浸透圧、コロイド浸透圧などは細胞の物理的特性に重要な意味をもつ。

[大岡 宏]

[参照項目] | 細胞 | 細胞質 | プルキンエ | モール

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Protoplasmic streaming - protoplasmic streaming

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