In anthropology, it is a general term for an ethnic group whose average adult male height is less than 150 cm, and which is distributed in the tropical forests of Africa and Southeast Asia. As a race, African pygmies are called Negrilos, and Southeast Asian pygmies are called Negritos. In terms of physical characteristics, the Negrilo have a lighter, yellowish-brown skin than blacks, very hairy, curly hair, large round eyes, and a remarkably wide nose. Compared to their height, they have a large head, a long torso, and long upper limbs, giving them a stocky build with relatively slender lower limbs. The most famous Negrilo groups are the Mbuti (population 40,000) who live in the Ituri region of the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), the Twa (population 9,000) around Lake Edward and Lake Kivu to the south, and the Aka and Baka (population 100,000) who live from southern Cameroon to southern Central Africa. Negritos are also a group of short people, but they have significant differences in physical characteristics from the Negrilos. Their skin is dark brown, darker than the Negrilos, they have less body hair, and their noses are not as wide. They are generally well-proportioned and not stocky like the Negrilos. Other Negrito groups include the Andaman Islanders in the Bay of Bengal (population about several hundred), the Semang (1,000-2,000) of the Malay Peninsula, and the Aeta (about 30,000) of the Philippines. Both the Negriros and the Negritos are hunter-gatherers of the tropical forests, but today few of them live a purely hunter-gatherer lifestyle; most of them maintain contact with neighboring agricultural peoples and rely on an exchange economy of game caught by hunting for agricultural produce. [Tanno Tadashi] African pygmiesThe fact that a race of extremely short people lived in the forests of the interior of Africa was known to the ancient Egyptian dynasty more than 4,000 years ago, and this knowledge was also transmitted to ancient Greece. However, in later times, the pygmies became more legendary, and even in the 19th century, they were considered to be a fantasy. It was only after 1870 that the existence of the pygmies was reconfirmed. Among African pygmies, the Mbuti of the Ituri Forest are the most famous. They are the shortest, with an average height of 144 cm for men and 137 cm for women, and retain the purest Negrilo traits. They form a band (residential group) of around 10 families, with several dozen to 100 people. Each band has a territory of around 150 square kilometers of forest, and they move between several campsites within the territory every few weeks, hunting with bows and arrows, nets and spears. The Ituri Forest, which covers about 100,000 square kilometers, is also the territory of Negroid groups such as the Lese and Bira, who form small settlements and practice slash-and-burn agriculture. Each Mbuti band has a symbiotic relationship with the agricultural people of neighboring settlements through an exchange economy, and this relationship was formed over the hundreds of years since the agricultural people invaded Ituri. As a result, today the Mbuti have lost their own language and speak the language of the farming tribes living in the same area as their mother tongue. Bands generally consist of men and their families who are related by patrilineal lineage, but some belong to matrilineal families or matrilineal bands. Most are monogamous, but a few men have more than one wife. There is no social hierarchy, and matters related to band life are decided by the men meeting around a campfire in the center of the camp. There is no political organization that functions beyond the band, and it is a simple, rustic society where equality and reciprocity are valued. Both men and women enjoy singing and dancing, and have an optimistic outlook on life. [Tanno Tadashi] "Hunting People of the Forest - The Life of the Mbuti Pygmies" by Mitsuo Ichikawa (1982, Jinbun Shoin) " "Adaptation to a Different Culture: Africa's Period of Change and the Mbuti Pygmies" by Colin M. Turnbull, translated by Jiro Tanaka (1985, CBS Publishing)" "The Pygmies of Central Africa" by Chiyo Kawazu, Indigenous Peoples Series 8 (1989, Libro Publishing)" [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
人類学用語としては、成人男子の平均身長が150センチメートル以下の民族の総称で、アフリカと東南アジアの熱帯森林地帯に分布する。人種としてはアフリカのピグミーをネグリロ、東南アジアのピグミーをネグリトとよんで区別する。 形質的特徴として、ネグリロの皮膚の色は黒人より淡く黄褐色がかっており、きわめて毛深く、毛髪は縮毛で、目は丸く大きく、鼻は著しく広い。身長に比して頭が大きく胴が長く上肢が長いなど、下肢が比較的きゃしゃなずんぐりした体型をしている。ネグリロでは、コンゴ民主共和国(旧ザイール)北東部のイトゥリ地方に住むムブティ(人口約4万)、その南のエドワード湖やキブ湖周辺のトゥワ(約9000)、カメルーン南部から中央アフリカ南部にかけて分布するアカ、バカなど(約10万)の諸集団が有名である。 ネグリトも低身長の集団であるが、ネグリロとは身体諸形質に顕著な違いがある。皮膚の色は濃褐色でネグリロより濃く、体毛は少なく、鼻もそれほど広くない。全体として均整のとれた体型をしており、ネグリロのようにずんぐりしていない。ネグリトの集団としては、ベンガル湾のアンダマン島民(人口は約数百)、マレー半島のセマン(1000~2000)、フィリピンのアエタ(約3万)などがあげられる。 ネグリロもネグリトも、ともに熱帯森林の狩猟採集民である。しかし、今日では純粋な狩猟採集生活を営むものは少なく、近隣の農耕民と接触を保ち、狩猟によって得た獲物と農作物との交換経済に依存しているものが多い。 [丹野 正] アフリカのピグミーアフリカの奥地の森林地帯に背丈の著しく低い人種が住んでいるということは、4000年以上も昔のエジプト古代王朝に知られていたし、その知識は古代ギリシアにも伝えられた。しかし、後の時代になるほどピグミーは伝説化され、19世紀に至っても空想上の存在と考えられていた。ピグミーの実在が再確認されたのは1870年以降のことである。 アフリカのピグミーではイトゥリの森のムブティがもっとも有名で、男子の平均身長は144センチメートル、女子は137センチメートルともっとも背が低く、ネグリロの形質特徴をより純粋に保持している。彼らは10家族前後、数十人ないし100人ほどで一つのバンド(居住集団)を構成し、各バンドは150平方キロメートル前後の森をテリトリー(領域)として、その中のいくつものキャンプ地を数週間ごとに移動しながら、弓矢、網や槍(やり)を用いて狩猟を行っている。約10万平方キロメートルのイトゥリの森は、レセやビラなどネグロイド系諸集団のテリトリーでもあり、彼らは小集落をつくって焼畑農耕を営んでいる。ムブティの各バンドは近隣の集落の農耕民と交換経済を通じた共生関係を結んでおり、このような関係は農耕民のイトゥリへの侵入以降数百年の間に形成されたものである。その結果今日では、ムブティは彼ら自身の言語を失い、同じ地域に住む農耕部族の言語を母語として話している。バンドは一般に父系の血縁のつながる男たちとその家族で構成されるが、妻方居住の家族や母方バンドに属しているものもいる。大部分は一夫一妻であるが、2人以上の妻をもつ男も少数みられる。社会的階層の分化はなく、バンドの生活にかかわる事柄は、キャンプ中央のたき火を囲んで集まる男たちの話し合いで決められる。バンドを超えて機能する政治組織はなく、平等と互恵が重んじられる素朴で単純な社会である。男女とも歌と踊りを好み、楽天的な人生観をもっている。 [丹野 正] 『市川光雄著『森の狩猟民――ムブティ・ピグミーの生活』(1982・人文書院)』▽『コリン・M・ターンブル著、田中二郎訳『異文化への適応 アフリカの変革期とムブティ・ピグミー』(1985・CBS出版)』▽『河津千代著『中部アフリカのピグミー』先住民シリーズ8(1989・リブリオ出版)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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