Theory of marginal productivity

Japanese: 限界生産力説 - げんかいせいさんりょくせつ(英語表記)theory of marginal productivity
Theory of marginal productivity

A distribution theory that claims that the reward for production factors, i.e., their price, is determined by their marginal productivity. The original form can be seen as early as Thünen et al., but it was Wicksteed, J.B. Clark and others who systematized it as distribution theory.

The problem with the marginal productivity theory is whether all the products are distributed to the production factors when each production factor is remunerated according to its marginal productivity. In the figure , if there are only two production factors, capital and labor, and capital is kept constant and labor is increased, the marginal productivity curve of labor is BC, and if labor is kept constant and capital is increased, the marginal productivity curve of capital is GH. When labor is employed only as AD and capital as FI, their marginal productivity, or prices, are CD and HI, respectively. In this case, the total wage amount AECD in (1) of the figure is equal to JGH in (2) of the figure , and the total interest amount FJHI in (2) of the figure is equal to EBC in (1) of the figure , respectively, or the products are not distributed. This state is only true under perfect competition and when the production function has a specific form (a homogeneous linear function). The Cobb-Douglas production function has been demonstrated to show that such distribution can be seen to some extent in reality.

This theory is very commonly used in modern economics because it is mathematically easy to handle, but there are many problems other than those mentioned above. (1) The distribution relationship is often not perfect competition, due to the existence of labor unions or when the employer is economically strong, (2) Is the production function really linear and homogeneous? Will the cost of raw materials distort the production function as was seen during the oil crisis? (3) Regarding wages, (1) in the figure shows the demand side of labor, so what about the supply? In short, this theory is only a first approximation for analysis.

[Tetsuya Hitosugi]

Marginal productivity theory (Marginal productivity curve of labor and marginal productivity curve of capital) [Diagram]
©Shogakukan ">

Marginal productivity theory (the marginal productivity curve of labor and capital…


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生産要素に対する報酬すなわちその価格が、その限界生産力によって決定されるという分配理論。古くはチューネンらにも原形がみられるが、これを分配理論として体系化したのはウィックスティード、J・B・クラークらである。

 限界生産力説の問題は、各生産要素がその限界生産力に応じて報酬を受けたとき、すべての生産物が生産要素に分配し尽くされるかどうかという点にある。いまにおいて、生産要素を資本と労働の二つだけとし、資本を一定として労働だけを増加していったとき、BCという労働の限界生産力曲線が得られ、また労働を一定として資本だけを増加していったとき、GHという資本の限界生産力曲線が得られる。労働をAD、資本をFIだけ雇用したとき、その限界生産力すなわちその価格は、それぞれCD、HIである。すると、の(1)のAECDという賃金総額がの(2)のJGHと、の(2)のFJHIという利子総額がの(1)のEBCと、それぞれ等しくないと生産物は分配し尽くされない。このような状態が成り立つのは、完全競争下で、かつ生産関数が特定な形(一次の同次関数)である場合に限られる。このような分配がある程度現実にみられると実証したものに、コブ‐ダグラス生産関数がある。

 この説は数学的に取扱いがやさしいので、近代経済学ではきわめて一般的に使用されているが、前述以外に問題も多い。(1)分配関係は、労働組合の存在や、雇用主側が経済的強者である場合など、完全競争でないことが多い、(2)生産関数もはたして一次同次であるのか、オイル・ショック時にみられたように原材料費が生産関数を変型してしまうことはないのか、(3)賃金に関しての(1)は、労働力の需要側を示すもので、供給はどうなっているのか、等々である。要するにこの理論は、分析のための第一次的接近法にすぎない。

[一杉哲也]

限界生産力説(労働の限界生産力曲線と資本の限界生産力曲線)〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

限界生産力説(労働の限界生産力曲線と資…


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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