When a consumer consumes a good, if they reduce the amount of one good y by a small amount ( Δ y ) and increase the amount of another good x by a small amount ( Δ x ), in other words, by substituting good y for good x , they can maintain the same level of satisfaction as before. In this case, the positive ratio between x and y ( -Δ y / Δ x ) is called the "marginal rate of substitution" of y for x . For consumers to maximize their utility, the marginal rate of substitution of y for x must be equal to the price ratio of goods x and y . The marginal rate of substitution is shown on a graph as the slope of an indifference curve. In order to maximize consumer utility, the law of equal marginal utility must hold. However, J.R. Hicks argues that marginal utility, which is a measure of an individual's subjective satisfaction, is arbitrary, and that this arbitrariness can be eliminated by using the marginal rate of substitution instead of the ratio of marginal utilities. [Koichi Hatanaka] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
消費者が財を消費するとき、ある財yを少量(Δy)だけ減らし、別の財xを少量(Δx)だけ増加させれば、すなわち、y財をx財と代替させれば、以前と同じ満足度を維持することが可能となる。このとき、xとyとの正の比率(-Δy/Δx)をxに対するyの「限界代替率」という。消費者が効用を極大化するためには、xに対するyの限界代替率がx財とy財の価格比に等しくならなければならない。なお、限界代替率は、グラフでは無差別曲線の勾配(こうばい)として示される。 消費者の効用を極大化するためには、限界効用均等の法則が成立すればよい。しかしながら、J・R・ヒックスは、個人の主観的な満足度の尺度である限界効用は恣意(しい)的であるとして、限界効用の比のかわりに限界代替率を用いれば、この恣意性を除去できると主張している。 [畑中康一] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Theory of marginal productivity
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