Murray Gell-Mann

Japanese: ゲルマン - げるまん(英語表記)Murray Gell-Mann
Murray Gell-Mann

American theoretical physicist. Born in New York to parents who immigrated from Austria. As a precocious child, he attended a special school, entered college at the age of 15, graduated from Yale University at the age of 19, and received a PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology three years later. He then spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and in 1952 was hired as a lecturer at the University of Chicago. In 1955, he moved to the California Institute of Technology, and became a professor the following year in 1956. In 1954, he proposed a phenomenological rule (the "Nakano-Nishijima-Gell-Mann rule") using a new quantum number strangeness to explain the interactions between metastable elementary particles, which had been discovered one after another since the late 1940s. He also proposed the "Eight-fold method" (1961) which is effective for classifying hadrons that have strong interactions while maintaining the advantages of meson classification derived from the composite model of elementary particles proposed by Shoichi Sakata, and introduced quarks as the fundamental entities with fractional charge on which it is based (1964). He then proposed quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as the SU(3) gauge theory (SU stands for symmetric unitary) as the basic theory for describing the motion of quarks. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969 for his discoveries regarding the classification and interaction of elementary particles. He has also received several other awards and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, but in the 1960s he was involved with an organization that cooperated with the Vietnam War and received criticism both at home and abroad. During the last quarter century of the 20th century, progress was made in elucidating the structure of quantum chromodynamics, predicted but unidentified quarks were experimentally confirmed, and a fundamental particle model including six types of quarks was established. In 1984, Gell-Mann founded the Santa Fe Institute (SFI) with scholars from various fields to study a wide range of complex systems, and in 1994 he published Quarks and Jaguars, a book summarizing the research results of the institute.

[Kanji Fujii]

"The World of Modern Physics 6: What are Elementary Particles?" by M. Gell-Mann et al., edited and supervised by Seitaro Nakamura and supervised by Yasutaka Tanigawa (1973, Kodansha)""Quarks and Jaguars: A Complex System in Constant Evolution, translated by Haruyo Nomoto (1997, Soshisha)"

[References] | Quark theory | Masakazu Sakata | Strangeness | Elementary particles | Mesons | Top quark | Complex systems

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの理論物理学者。オーストリアからの移住者を両親としてニューヨークで生まれる。早熟児として特殊学校に通い、15歳でカレッジに入学、19歳でエール大学卒業、3年後にマサチューセッツ工科大学で理学博士、その後1年間プリンストン高等研究所に在籍し、1952年シカゴ大学の講師の職を得た。1955年カリフォルニア工科大学に移り、翌1956年教授となる。1940年代末から次々と発見されていた準安定な素粒子の相互作用に関し、新しい量子数ストレンジネスを用いた現象論的な規則(「中野‐西島‐ゲルマンの規則」)を提出した(1954)。また坂田昌一(しょういち)の提唱した素粒子の複合模型から導かれる中間子(メソン)の分類上の長所を保ちつつ、強い相互作用をする素粒子(ハドロン)の分類に有効な「八重法」(エイト・フォールド・ウェイ、八道説)(1961)を提唱、その基礎にある分数荷電をもつ基本的実体としてクォークを導入した(1964)。続いてクォークの運動を記述する基礎理論として、量子色(いろ)力学(QCD:Quantum Chromodynamics)をSU(3)ゲージ理論(SUはSynmetric Unitaryのこと)として提唱した。素粒子の分類と相互作用に関する発見により1969年ノーベル物理学賞を受賞。ほかにいくつかの賞も受けアメリカ国立科学アカデミー会員であるが、1960年代にはベトナム戦争に協力する組織に関係し、国内外の批判を受けたこともある。20世紀の終わり四半世紀の間に、量子色力学の構造の解明が進み、予測されながら未確認であったクォークも実験で確認され、6種のクォークを含む基本粒子模型が確立した。なお、ゲルマンは1984年に広領域の複雑系を研究するサンタ・フェ研究所(SFI)を各分野の学者らとともに設立、1994年には同研究所による研究成果をまとめた『クォークとジャガー』を著した。

[藤井寛治]

『M・ゲルマン他著、中村誠太郎編・監訳、谷川安孝監訳『現代物理の世界6 素粒子とはなにか』(1973・講談社)』『野本陽代訳『クォークとジャガー――たゆみなく進化する複雑系』(1997・草思社)』

[参照項目] | クォーク理論 | 坂田昌一 | ストレンジネス | 素粒子 | 中間子 | トップ・クォーク | 複雑系

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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