Germanium - Germanium (English spelling)

Japanese: ゲルマニウム - げるまにうむ(英語表記)germanium 英語
Germanium - Germanium (English spelling)

It belongs to the 14th group of the periodic table and is one of the carbon group elements. When the Russian chemist Mendeleev published the periodic law in 1871, he named the element eka-silicon (eka is Sanskrit for 1) because an element that should be placed below silicon in the periodic table had not yet been discovered, and predicted its properties. In 1885, he commissioned the German mineralogist A. Weisbach (1833-1901) to analyze argyrodite 4Ag 2 S・GeS. In 1886, Winkler discovered a new element from this mineral with properties similar to antimony, which he named germanium after Germania, the Latin name for Germany. Winkler studied the properties of this element in detail and demonstrated that the new element corresponds to Mendeleev's eka-silicon.

[Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara]

Existence and production

It does not exist in nature as a single element, but is widely distributed in the form of a substitute for silicon in silicates. It is also found in small amounts in coal and sulfide minerals, and can also be absorbed by plants. When coal is burned, it collects in the smoke ash, and when it is dry distilled, it collects in the gas liquid. Germanium compounds are also produced as a by-product during the refining of zinc ore, copper ore, etc. In any case, these are the main raw materials, and germanium tetrachloride is made, which is then refined by distillation, hydrolyzed to germanium dioxide, and reduced with hydrogen to make the element. Furthermore, by zone melting, it is possible to obtain a high purity product with a purity of about 1/100 millionths of impurities, that is, ten-nine (99.99999999%) ( Figure shows an example of the germanium smelting process).

[Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara]

nature

A silvery-white, hard metal with a diamond-type structure. It is a typical intrinsic semiconductor, with a resistivity of about 60 ohm-centimeters at room temperature, which decreases to about one-hundredth at 200°C. Adding traces of gallium or arsenic makes it a p-type or n-type semiconductor, respectively. Chemically, it forms compounds with oxidation states II and IV. It is stable at room temperature in air, and is only oxidized when heated to red heat or higher. It is insoluble in hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid. It dissolves in hot concentrated sulfuric acid, releasing sulfur dioxide. It gradually dissolves in alkaline solutions, forming germanium(IV) compounds. It is attacked by aqua regia and sodium peroxide, and the powder becomes germanium dioxide hydrate with concentrated nitric acid. When heated with chlorine, it becomes germanium tetrachloride, which can be distilled from a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution.

[Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara]

Applications

During World War II, germanium's excellent performance as an ultra-high frequency wave detector was recognized, and it was found to be more useful than vacuum tubes in terms of its small size and light weight, and it has played a major role in the field of electronics today, including the manufacture of transistors and diodes. Special applications include the manufacture of glass that has a large refractive index and dispersion and transmits infrared rays in addition to ordinary glass, and an alloy of gold with about 12% germanium is used in dentistry. Other uses include thermocouples, resistance materials, and fluorescent materials (see table ).

[Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara]

[References] | Winkler [Supplementary Materials] | Germanium (Data Note)
Periodic Table
©Shogakukan ">

Periodic Table

Germanium smelting process (diagram)
©Shogakukan ">

Germanium smelting process (diagram)

Germanium Uses (Table)
©Shogakukan ">

Germanium Uses (Table)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

周期表第14族に属し、炭素族元素の一つ。1871年ロシアのメンデレーエフが周期律を発表した際、周期表でケイ素の下に位置すべき元素は未発見であるとして、この元素をエカケイ素と名づけ(エカekaは1を意味するサンスクリット語)、その性質を予言した。1885年ドイツの鉱物学者ワイスバッハA. Weisbach(1833―1901)が発見したアージロド鉱(Argyrodite)4Ag2S・GeSの分析をドイツのC・ウィンクラーに依頼した。ウィンクラーは1886年この鉱物からアンチモンに似た性質をもつ新元素を発見し、これをドイツのラテン名ゲルマニアにちなんでゲルマニウムと命名した。ウィンクラーはこの元素の性質を詳細に研究し、この新元素がメンデレーエフのエカケイ素に相当することを示した。

[守永健一・中原勝儼]

存在と製法

天然に単体としては存在しないが、ケイ酸塩中のケイ素を置換した形で広く分布する。また石炭、硫化鉱物中にも微量含まれ、さらに植物に吸収されることもある。石炭を燃焼させると煙灰に集まり、乾留するとガス液に集まる。また亜鉛鉱石、銅鉱石などの精錬に際してゲルマニウム化合物が副生する。いずれにしてもこれらを主原料とし、四塩化ゲルマニウムとしてから蒸留によって精製、加水分解して二酸化ゲルマニウムとしたのち水素で還元して単体をつくる。さらにこれをゾーンメルティング(帯融解法)によって不純物1億分の1%程度の純度、すなわちテンナイン(99.99999999%)の高純度のものが得られる(はゲルマニウム製錬工程の一例)。

[守永健一・中原勝儼]

性質

銀白色の硬い金属。ダイヤモンド型構造。典型的な真性半導体で、室温での比抵抗は約60オーム・センチメートル、200℃では約100分の1に減少する。ガリウムまたはヒ素を微量加えると、それぞれp型またはn型の半導体となる。化学的には酸化数ⅡおよびⅣの化合物をつくる。空気中では室温で安定で、赤熱以上で初めて酸化される。塩酸、希硫酸に不溶。熱濃硫酸には二酸化硫黄(いおう)を放って溶ける。アルカリ溶液には徐々に溶けてゲルマニウム(Ⅳ)化合物を生成する。王水、過酸化ナトリウムなどに侵され、粉末は濃硝酸により二酸化ゲルマニウム水和物となる。塩素と熱すれば四塩化ゲルマニウムとなり、濃塩酸溶液から蒸留できる。

[守永健一・中原勝儼]

用途

第二次世界大戦中、極超短波の検波器としてゲルマニウムの優れた性能が認められ、小型軽量の点で真空管より有用なことがわかり、トランジスタ、ダイオードの製造をはじめ、今日のエレクトロニクスの分野での主役となった。特殊な用途として、通常のガラスに加えて屈折と分散が大きく赤外線を通すガラスの製造、金に12%ぐらいのゲルマニウムを加えた合金が歯科用に用いられる。そのほか熱電対、抵抗材料、蛍光材料に用いる(参照)。

[守永健一・中原勝儼]

[参照項目] | ウィンクラー[補完資料] | ゲルマニウム(データノート)
周期表
©Shogakukan">

周期表

ゲルマニウムの製錬工程〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

ゲルマニウムの製錬工程〔図〕

ゲルマニウムの用途〔表〕
©Shogakukan">

ゲルマニウムの用途〔表〕


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