Connective tissue

Japanese: 結合組織 - けつごうそしき
Connective tissue

It is a tissue found in various animal organs that connects epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, etc., and plays a role in supplying them with nutrients. All of them are derived from the mesenchyme of the embryo, and the mesenchyme itself can be considered a type of connective tissue. In adults, connective tissue is broadly divided into fibrous connective tissue, cartilage tissue, bone tissue (hard bone tissue), and hematopoietic tissue.

Fibrous connective tissue is widely present in vertebrates and is called connective tissue in the narrow sense. It is classified as follows:

(1) Loose connective tissue: The most typical fibrous connective tissue, it contains few cells (fibroblasts) and between the cells there are various fibers produced by fibroblasts (lattice fibers, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, etc.) and an intercellular matrix consisting of proteoglycans (mucopolysaccharide proteins) and glycoproteins.

(2) Dense connective tissue: This is a connective tissue that contains more collagen fiber components than loose connective tissue. It is found in the dermis of the skin and tendons, and gives these tissues their strength.

(3) Adipose tissue: A connective tissue whose main component is adipocytes. Adipocytes accumulate fat particles and serve as a fat storage facility.

(4) Collagenous tissue: A special fibrous connective tissue found in Wharton's cartilage, the main component of the mammalian umbilical cord. It contains many astrocytes, and the intercellular matrix is ​​mainly composed of chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and small amounts of collagen fibers.

Cartilage tissue and bone tissue are composed of chondrocytes and bone cells, respectively, and the intercellular substance secreted by these cells. In cartilage tissue, the intercellular substance is a cartilage matrix containing collagen fibers or elastic fibers, and chondroitin sulfate and scleroproteins. On the other hand, the bone matrix of bone tissue contains large amounts of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate in addition to proteoglycans, mainly chondroitin sulfate. Both cartilage tissue and bone tissue are important for maintaining the shape of the body, and have a certain degree of elasticity as well as hardness.

Hematopoietic tissue is a specialized connective tissue that often changes during development. In mammals, hematopoietic tissue is found in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen during the fetal period, while in adults, blood cells are produced primarily in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue. It is generally believed that blood cell stem cells that develop in the yolk sac during the fetal period settle in the bone marrow and differentiate into adult blood cells. In the hematopoietic tissue of the bone marrow, stem cells and clusters of blood cells in the process of differentiating are found between the reticular cells and reticular fibers.

[Sadao Yasugi]

[Reference] | Cartilage | Bone

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動物の各種器官にあって上皮組織、筋組織、神経組織などを互いに結び付け、それらに養分を補給するなどの役割を果たす組織をいう。すべて胚(はい)の間充織に由来するが、間充織自体も結合組織の一種とみなすことができる。成体の結合組織は繊維性結合組織、軟骨組織、骨組織(硬骨組織)、造血組織に大別される。

 繊維性結合組織は脊椎(せきつい)動物には広く存在し、狭義の結合組織とよばれ、次のように分類される。

(1)疎性結合組織 もっとも代表的な繊維性結合組織で、細胞(繊維芽細胞)は少なく、細胞間には繊維芽細胞によって産生された各種繊維(格子繊維、膠原(こうげん)繊維、弾性繊維など)とプロテオグリカン(ムコ多糖タンパク質)や糖タンパク質からなる細胞間基質が存在する。

(2)密生結合組織 疎性結合組織より膠原繊維の成分の多い結合組織で、皮膚の真皮、腱(けん)などに存在し、これらの組織に強靭(きょうじん)さを与える。

(3)脂肪組織 脂肪細胞を主成分とする結合組織で、脂肪細胞は脂肪粒を蓄積し、脂肪の貯蔵庫となる。

(4)膠様組織 特殊な繊維性結合組織で、哺乳(ほにゅう)類の臍帯(さいたい)の主要な成分であるウォートン軟肉などにみられる。星状細胞が多く含まれ、細胞間基質はコンドロイチン硫酸、ヒアルロン酸、少量の膠原繊維を主成分とする。

 軟骨組織および骨組織はそれぞれ軟骨細胞と骨細胞、およびそれらの細胞が分泌する細胞間物質とからなる。細胞間物質は、軟骨組織では膠原繊維または弾性繊維と、コンドロイチン硫酸や硬タンパク質を含む軟骨基質である。一方、骨組織の骨基質は、コンドロイチン硫酸を主とするプロテオグリカンのほかに、多量のリン酸カルシウム、炭酸カルシウムを含む。軟骨組織、骨組織ともに生体の形態の維持に重要であり、硬さとともにある程度の弾力性をもっている。

 造血組織は特殊な結合組織で、多くの場合発生に伴って変化し、哺乳類では胎生期には卵黄嚢(のう)、肝臓、脾臓(ひぞう)などの中に造血組織がみられ、成体ではもっぱら骨髄とリンパ組織で血球がつくられる。一般には、胎生期に卵黄嚢などに発生した血球幹細胞が骨髄などに定着して成体の血球へと分化するものと考えられている。骨髄の造血組織では、幹細胞および分化の途上にある血球の塊が細網細胞および細網繊維の間にみられる。

[八杉貞雄]

[参照項目] | 軟骨 |

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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