Ohm's law - Ohm's law

Japanese: オームの法則 - おーむのほうそく(英語表記)Ohm's law
Ohm's law - Ohm's law

This law states that there is a proportional relationship between the current I flowing through an electric wire, electrical resistance, etc. and the voltage V between its terminals. It is one of the basic laws of electromagnetism discovered by Ohm in 1826. In Figure A , when a current I flows from A to B through resistance R , a voltage V is generated between terminals AB, which is positive on the terminal A side and negative on the B side. The following relationship holds between voltage V , resistance R , and current I.

(Voltage V ) = (Resistance R ) x (Current I )
Resistance R represents the difficulty of electricity flowing. Here, the value of resistance is unrelated to the direction of current flow. When two resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series or in parallel as shown in Figure B , the combined resistance R is given by the following formula:


The resistance value of a material is specific to that material. The specific resistance of a material is expressed as the resistance value when a uniform current flows between the opposing faces of a cube with sides of 1 meter. This is called resistivity. In AC circuits, a relationship similar to Ohm's law also applies to coils (inductance) and capacitors. The quantity equivalent to resistance is called impedance. The impedance Z of resistance R , inductance L , and capacitor C are respectively

where f is the frequency of the alternating current. Ohm's law does not apply to diodes, transistors, etc. These are called nonlinear elements, while resistors, inductors, capacitors, etc. are sometimes called linear elements.

[Shigeo Yamaguchi]

[Reference] | Impedance | Ohm | Coil | Capacitor | Resistivity
Ohm's Law (Figure A)
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Ohm's Law (Figure A)

Ohm's Law (composite resistance) [Figure B]
©Shogakukan ">

Ohm's Law (composite resistance) [Figure B]


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電線、電気抵抗などを流れる電流Iとその端子間の電圧Vとの間に比例関係が成り立つという法則。オームが1826年に発見した電磁気学の基本法則の一つ。図Aにおいて、電流Iが抵抗RをAからBに向かって流れると、端子AB間に電圧Vが生じ、それは端子Aの側で正、Bの側で負となる。電圧V、抵抗R、電流Iの間には次の関係が成り立つ。

  (電圧V)=(抵抗R)×(電流I
抵抗Rは、電気の流れにくさを表す。ここで、抵抗の値は電流が流れる向きに無関係である。図Bのように二つの抵抗R1R2を直列または並列に接続したときの合成抵抗Rは、それぞれ次の式で与えられる。


 物質の抵抗値は物質固有のものである。物質固有の抵抗は1辺1メートルの立方体の相対する面の間に一様な電流を流すときの抵抗値をもって表す。これを比抵抗という。交流回路ではコイル(インダクタンス)、コンデンサーについてもオームの法則と似た関係が成り立つ。抵抗値に相当する量をインピーダンスとよぶ。抵抗R、インダクタンスL、コンデンサーCのインピーダンスZはそれぞれ

と表される。fは交流の周波数である。ダイオード、トランジスタなどでは、オームの法則は成り立たない。これらを非線形素子とよび、それに対して、抵抗、インダクタンス、コンデンサーなどを線形素子とよぶことがある。

[山口重雄]

[参照項目] | インピーダンス | オーム | コイル | コンデンサー | 比抵抗
オームの法則〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

オームの法則〔図A〕

オームの法則(合成抵抗)〔図B〕
©Shogakukan">

オームの法則(合成抵抗)〔図B〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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