A research field that analyzes the cognitive and emotional processes of humans when engaging in artistic activities (creation and appreciation). Art includes linguistic arts such as poetry, novels, and plays, plastic arts such as painting, sculpture, and architecture, expressive arts such as dance and theater, and acoustic arts such as music and sound effects. One of the origins of artistic psychology is pathography, which examines the lives of outstanding artists from the perspective of the relationship between their psychopathology and creativity. The concept of pathography was proposed by the German psychiatrist Möbius, PJ. The artistic activities that are the subject of pathography are diverse, including literature, music, and painting, but in paintings, the traces of illness are easily reflected directly in the work, as is exemplified by the Dutch painter Gogh, V. van Gogh, who became mentally ill and committed suicide. Vygotsky, LS, is famous as a developmental psychologist who was active in the early days of the Soviet Union and died at the young age of 38. He obtained his doctorate in 1925 for his research on the psychology of art, and compiled his findings in the same year in his book "Psychology of Art." Vygotsky's theory of art is best known for his work in the literary field, but "Psychology of Art" gives a wealth of examples from various fields, including poetry, theater, painting, sculpture, and architecture. Vygotsky critically examined the concept of catharsis used by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in his Poetics as "the action of expelling emotions such as pity and fear and purifying the heart." In other words, catharsis in art is not the expulsion of negative emotions as Aristotle meant, but the action of appropriately releasing emotions. Berlyne, DE studied psychology at Cambridge University, and continued his research in experimental aesthetics at the University of Toronto in Canada, playing a central role in the founding of the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics in 1965. He showed that the hedonic value of the pleasant emotion produced by appreciating a work of art is an inverted U-shaped function of the complexity or novelty of the work. In other words, he demonstrated through a series of psychological experiments that if a work of art is too simple or too complex, too new or too familiar, it will not produce pleasant emotions. Arnheim, R. studied psychology at the University of Berlin, the mecca of Gestalt psychology. Gestalt psychology is a theory that focuses on the study of form perception, and that the overall arrangement, not the sum of its parts, is important for the perception of shapes and other things. Based on Gestalt psychology, Arnheim opened up new ground in psychological research into the fields of visual arts such as painting, film, and architecture. His work Cinema as Art (1928) was pioneering not only in the field of art psychology, but also in the academic study of film. After 1940, the Jewish Arnheim fled to the United States to conduct research, and after World War II he published energetic essays on art psychology, including Art and Vision (1954), Visual Thinking (1969), and The Psychology of Art (1986). Opposed to the biased view that perception is a lower-level process and thinking is a higher-level process, Arnheim proposed the concept of visual thinking, and showed that perception is nothing other than thinking itself. Music psychology, another pillar of art psychology, studies the psychological processes behind human activities related to music, such as composing, performing, singing, and appreciating music. The scope of research in music psychology covers units such as acoustics, which are the physical and physiological characteristics of sound; the three elements of music, melody, harmony, and rhythm; and musical form, which is the form of a piece of music. It analyzes basic psychological processes such as perception, memory, cognition, aesthetic judgment, and emotion of such musical units, and also conducts applied research such as the development and mastery of musical ability, education, and music therapy. →Music cognition [Koyasu Masuo] Latest Sources Psychology Encyclopedia Latest Psychology Encyclopedia About Information |
芸術活動(創作と鑑賞)を行なう際の人間の認知や情動の過程を分析する研究領域。芸術には,詩・小説・戯曲などの言語芸術,絵画・彫刻・建築などの造形芸術,舞踊・演劇などの表情芸術,音楽・効果音などの音響芸術などがある。 芸術心理学の源流の一つは,傑出した芸術家の生涯をその精神病理と創造性の関係の観点から調べる病跡学pathographyである。病跡学という概念は,ドイツの精神医学者メビウスMöbius,P.J.が提唱したものである。病跡学の対象となる芸術活動は,文芸・音楽・絵画など多様であるが,精神を病み自殺したオランダの画家ゴッホGogh,V.vanに典型的に見られるように,絵画は病跡が作品に直接反映されやすい。 ビゴツキーVygotsky,L.S.は,ソビエト連邦の草創期に活躍し,38歳で夭折した発達心理学者として著名であるが,博士号は1925年に芸術心理学の研究で取得しており,同年に著書『芸術心理学』にまとめている。ビゴツキーの芸術論は,文芸分野の仕事がよく知られているが,『芸術心理学』では詩,演劇,絵画,彫刻,建築などさまざまな分野から豊富な例が挙げられている。ビゴツキーは,古代ギリシアの哲学者アリストテレスAristotelesが『詩学』の中で用いた「憐みや恐れのような感情を排出させ,心を浄化させる作用」としてのカタルシスcatharsisの概念を批判的に検討した。すなわち,芸術におけるカタルシスは,アリストテレスのいうマイナスの情動の排出ではなく,情動を適切に放出する働きである。 バーラインBerlyne,D.E.はケンブリッジ大学で心理学を学び,カナダのトロント大学で,実験美学の研究を進め,1965年に設立された国際経験美学会International Association of Empirical Aesthetics創設の中心的役割を果たした。彼は,芸術作品の鑑賞がもたらす快感情値hedonic valueが,作品の複雑性あるいは新奇性と逆U字型の関数になることを示した。すなわち,芸術作品は単純すぎても複雑すぎても,また新しすぎても見慣れすぎても快感情をもたらさないということを,心理学的実験の積み重ねによって明らかにした。 アルンハイムArnheim,R.は,ゲシュタルト心理学のメッカであったベルリン大学で心理学を学んだ。ゲシュタルト心理学は,形態知覚の研究を柱とし,部分の総和でなく全体的配置が図形などの知覚にとって重要であるとする理論である。アルンハイムは,ゲシュタルト心理学をベースに,絵画,映画,建築など視覚芸術の分野の心理学的研究に新境地を切り開いた。『芸術としての映画』(1928)は,芸術心理学としてだけでなく,映画の学術的研究としても先駆的であった。1940年以後,ユダヤ系のアルンハイムはアメリカに亡命して研究活動を行ない,第2次大戦後は『美術と視覚』(1954),『視覚的思考』(1969),『芸術心理学』(1986)と,芸術心理学の論考を精力的に発表した。アルンハイムは,知覚は低次の過程,思考は高次の過程という偏った考え方に反対して視覚的思考visual thinkingという概念を提唱し,知覚は思考そのものにほかならないということを示した。 芸術心理学のもう一つの柱である音楽心理学music psychologyは,音楽の作曲,演奏・歌唱,鑑賞など音楽にかかわる人間の活動の背後にある心理過程を研究するものである。音楽心理学の研究範囲は,音の物理的・生理学的特性である音響,音楽の三要素とされる旋律(メロディー)・和音(ハーモニー)・拍子(リズム),楽曲の形式である楽式などの単位で取り上げられ,そのような音楽単位の知覚・記憶・認知・美的判断・感情などの基礎的心理過程が分析されており,音楽能力の発達・熟達と教育,音楽療法など,応用面での研究も行なわれている。 →音楽認知 〔子安 増生〕 出典 最新 心理学事典最新 心理学事典について 情報 |
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