A calculating device designed to make it easy to perform approximate calculations such as multiplication and division, as well as proportion, squares, cubes, trigonometric functions, logarithms, and other calculations by moving two or more logarithmic scales relative to one another. There are two types, linear and round, but the linear type is more commonly used. Slide rules are also made for different purposes, such as for general office use, general technical use, and special purposes. A slide rule consists of three components: a fixed scale (called a base scale or outer scale), a movable scale (called a sliding scale, inner scale, or middle scale), and a cursor that moves across the surface to align the graduations of each scale ( ).[Katano Zenichiro] Slide rule scale Slide rules have various scales, but the standard ones are C and D. These are log1=0, log2=0.301, log3=0.477,…… log a = (1/2)log a 2 [Katano Zenichiro] Slide rule calculation method The principle of calculation is logarithmic property log ab = log a + log b , [Katano Zenichiro] History of the Slide RuleIn 1620, British astronomer Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) invented a logarithmic scale called the Gunter rule, which he used with a compass to solve nautical calculations. It was the British scientist William Oughtred who made it possible to perform calculations without a compass by moving two Gunter rules relative to one another. Oughtred was also the first to invent the circular slide rule, which has a scale marking the circumference of a disk. Slide rules were gradually improved in Britain, and John Robertson (1712-1776) in particular created a cursor out of a thin piece of brass, increasing its practical value. A version similar to the modern slide rule was invented around 1850 by French artillery officer Amédée Mannheim (1831-1906). His slide rule became so popular that it was adopted by all French artillery units and came to be called the Mannheim type. The first slide rule to be introduced to Japan was the Mannheim slide rule, brought back as a souvenir from a trip to Europe and the United States by Dr. Hirota Ritaro, a doctor of engineering, and Kondo Toragoro, then head of the civil engineering division of the Ministry of Home Affairs, in 1894 (Meiji 27). Later, Henmi Jiro (1878-1953), a scale maker at the time, invented and popularized the bamboo slide rule, which is unique to Japan. [Katano Zenichiro] "History of the Development of Slide Rules" by Miyazaki Jisuke (1956, Ohmsha) ©Shogakukan "> Names of the parts of a slide rule (Figure A) ©Shogakukan "> Calculation using a slide rule (basics of multiplication and division) [... Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
二つ以上の対数尺を相互に移動させて、乗除計算をはじめとして、比例、平方、立方、三角関数、対数その他の近似計算が簡単にできるようにくふうされた計算器具。直線型と丸型の2種類があるが、一般には直線型が使われる。また、用途によって、一般事務用、一般技術用、特殊用途用などのものがつくられている。計算尺は、固定された尺(台尺または外尺という)、移動する尺(滑尺または内尺あるいは中尺という)、各尺の目盛りをあわせるために表面を移動するカーソルの三つからできている( )。[片野善一郎] 計算尺の目盛り計算尺にはいろいろな目盛りがあるが、基準になるのはC尺とD尺である。これは loga=(1/2)loga2 [片野善一郎] 計算尺による計算法計算の原理は対数の性質 [片野善一郎] 計算尺の歴史イギリスの天文学者エドマンド・ガンターEdmund Gunter(1581―1626)は1620年にガンター尺とよばれる対数尺を考案し、コンパスを使って航海上の問題を解く計算に利用した。このガンター尺を2本相互に移動させることによって、コンパスを使わずに計算できるようにしたのはイギリスのウィリアム・オートレッドである。オートレッドは、円板の周上に目盛りを施した丸型計算尺を最初に発明した人でもある。計算尺はイギリスでしだいに改良されていくが、とくにジョン・ロバートソンJohn Robertson(1712―1776)は真鍮(しんちゅう)製の薄片でカーソルをつくり実用価値を高めたという。現在の計算尺に近いものは1850年ころ、フランスの砲兵将校アメデー・マネームAmédée Mannheim(1831―1906)によって発明された。彼の計算尺はフランスの全砲兵部隊に採用されてから、マンハイム型という名称でよばれるほど普及したという。 日本へ計算尺が渡来したのは、1894年(明治27)に工学博士広田理太郎(りたろう)と当時の内務省土木課長近藤虎五郎(とらごろう)の2人が欧米視察の土産(みやげ)の一部として持ち帰ったマンハイム計算尺が最初であるという。その後、当時度器の目盛り工だった逸見治郎(へんみじろう)(1878―1953)が日本特有の竹製計算尺を発明し普及させた。 [片野善一郎] 『宮崎治助著『計算尺発達史』(1956・オーム社)』 ©Shogakukan"> 計算尺の各部名称〔図A〕 ©Shogakukan"> 計算尺による計算法(乗除計算の基本)〔… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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