It is a qualitative or quantitative prediction of the state that is expected to emerge at a future point in time or under specific conditions with regard to a specific aspect of economic phenomena such as consumption, investment, exports, imports, and prices, or the overall movement of the economy that encompasses all of these. The purpose of forecasts is generally to obtain information that is useful for making decisions about behavior, and this is no different for economic forecasts. That is, consumers and companies need to predict price movements and demand trends when deciding their consumption behavior and production plans, and governments need to understand the overall mechanism of the economy and provide specific quantitative forecast information based on that understanding when formulating budgets or overall economic policies, including plans for the supply of public goods. Of the forecasts required in these various fields, those that are based on established economic theories to a certain extent or follow established forecasting methods, and use data collected from real economic trends as basic materials, are generally called economic forecasts. Common forecasting methods include (1) forecast surveys, (2) time series analysis, and (3) econometric models. Forecasting based on forecast surveys is a method of directly surveying individual economic agents such as consumers or companies, or experts in a particular field, by questionnaire or other method to find out their individual predictions and assumptions about their attitudes and situations under certain conditions or in the future, and making a forecast based on the survey results. This method is often used to predict household consumption behavior, corporate capital investment behavior, or trends in industrial technology. Forecasting based on time series analysis is the same as forecasting based on forecast surveys in that it does not explicitly consider the interdependence between economic elements, but the method uses past actual data movements as basic information and makes predictions by extrapolating those movements through procedures such as decomposition and aggregation. Examples of this method include the moving average method and the diffusion index method. In contrast to the above two methods, predictions using econometric models grasp the causal relationships between the various economic elements behind economic phenomena as a quantitative model based on economic theory, and are based on structural equations that are statistically estimated using various data obtained from real economic trends, and in that respect it is said to be the most scientific method for predicting economic quantities that move within the economic system.However, this method also has recognized problems, particularly in its ability to make medium- to long-term predictions, due to problems with the structure estimation technique and the stability of the estimated economic structure. [Tadashi Takashima] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
消費、投資、輸出、輸入、物価などの経済現象のある特定の側面、あるいはそれらのすべてを包含した経済全体の動きについて、将来時点あるいは特定の条件を設定したときに現出すると考えられる状態を定性的あるいは定量的に予測すること。 予測の目的は、一般に、行動を決定する際に役だつ情報を得ることにあり、このことは経済予測においても同様である。すなわち、各消費者や企業は、それぞれの消費態度や生産計画を決定するにあたって、物価の動きや需要動向などを予測することが必要となり、政府においては、予算の立案あるいは公共財の供給計画を含む経済政策全般の策定などに際して、経済全体のメカニズムの把握と同時に、それに基づいた具体的な数量的予測情報を必要とする。このように各種の方面で必要とされる予測のうち、ある程度確立された経済理論に基づき、あるいは一定の確立された予測手法に従って、現実経済の動きから収集されたデータを基礎的な資料として行われるものを、一般に経済予測とよんでいる。 予測手法としては、(1)予想調査、(2)時系列分析、(3)計量経済モデル、などが一般的である。予想調査による予測は、消費者や企業の個別経済主体や特定分野の専門家に対して、ある特定条件の下や将来における態度や状況に関する個々の行動予想や想定を、アンケート方式などにより直接に調査し、その調査結果に基づいて予測をたてる方法である。家計の消費行動や企業の設備投資行動、あるいは産業技術の動向などを予測する際に、この方法が用いられることが多い。時系列分析による予測は、経済要素間の相互依存関係を明示的に考慮しない点では予想調査による予測と同じであるが、その手法は、過去の現実のデータの動きを基本的情報として用い、その動きを分解、集計などの手続を経て外挿することによって予測するものである。移動平均法やディフュージョン・インデックス法などがこれに属する。以上の2手法に対して、計量経済モデルによる予測は、経済現象の背後にある経済諸要素間の因果関係を経済理論に基づいて数量モデルとして把握し、現実経済の動きから得られる各種のデータを用いて統計的に推定された構造方程式に基づいて行うものであり、その点で、経済体系内で動く経済量を予測する手法としては、もっとも科学性の高いものといわれている。しかし、この手法も、構造推定技術上の問題や推定された経済構造の安定性などの点から、とくに中長期の予測力に難点が認められている。 [高島 忠] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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