The imposition of economic sanctions against a country that has violated international law or failed to fulfill its international obligations, resulting in the application and implementation of international law or the decisions of international organizations, or the fulfillment of obligations. Specifically, these include measures such as (1) partial or complete suspension of imports and exports, (2) freezing of assets overseas, (3) currency restrictions or suspension of currency convertibility, (4) suspension of credit provision or economic cooperation, (5) suspension of economic-related treaties such as trade treaties, and (6) ban on aircraft entering the country. Economic sanctions may be non-military coercive measures as stipulated in Articles 39 and 41 of the United Nations Charter. Examples include economic sanctions against Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1966 in response to the unilateral independence of the white minority government, the arms embargo against South Africa in 1977 due to apartheid, the severance of economic relations with Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the severance of economic relations with the new Yugoslavia in 1992, the oil and arms embargo against Haiti in 1993, and the oil and arms embargo against the Angolan rebel group National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) in 1993. Economic sanctions imposed by international organizations other than the UN include economic sanctions against the Dominican Republic by the Organization of American States in 1960, an oil embargo against countries supporting Israel by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1973, and sanctions against Egypt by the Arab League in 1979. Examples of economic sanctions implemented by individual countries or by multiple countries on their own include the U.S. economic sanctions against Iran in response to Iran's hostage taking at the U.S. Embassy in 1979, the grain embargo imposed by the United States, Canada, and other countries in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1980, and the U.S. freezing of domestic assets of terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda in Afghanistan following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States. Today, as economic interdependence among nations around the world increases and it becomes more difficult to resolve conflicts through the use of military coercive measures, economic sanctions have become an important sanctioning tool in that they restore the legal interests and security of a country whose rights have been violated and impose penalties on violating countries. However, they also have problems such as the ambiguity of the legal procedures leading to the imposition of economic sanctions and the sacrifices and burdens they impose on the party imposing the sanctions. [Yokokawa Arata] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国際法違反や国際義務不履行を行った国に対し、経済的手段によって制裁を加え、結果的に国際法や国際機構の決定の適用・実施を図ったり、義務を履行させたりすること。具体的には、(1)輸出入の部分的または全面的停止、(2)在外資産の凍結、(3)為替(かわせ)規制または為替交換停止、(4)信用供与や経済協力の停止、(5)通商条約など経済関係条約の停止、(6)航空機乗入れの禁止、などの手段が含まれる。 経済制裁には国際連合憲章第39条、第41条に規定される非軍事的強制措置として行われる場合がある。1966年白人少数支配政権の一方的独立に関する対南ローデシア(現ジンバブエ)経済制裁、77年アパルトヘイトを原因とする対南アフリカ武器禁輸、90年イラクのクウェート侵攻に対する対イラク経済関係の断絶、92年新ユーゴスラビアに対する経済関係の断絶、93年ハイチに対する石油、武器の禁輸、93年のアンゴラ反政府団体アンゴラ全面独立民族同盟(UNITA)に対する石油、武器の禁輸などである。国連以外の国際機構によって行われた経済制裁としては、1960年米州機構による対ドミニカ経済制裁、73年アラブ石油輸出国機構によるイスラエル支持国に対する石油禁輸、79年アラブ連盟による対エジプト制裁などがある。個別の国家や複数の国家が独自に経済制裁を実施した例としては、79年のイランによるアメリカ大使館人質事件に対するアメリカの対イラン経済制裁、80年のソ連のアフガニスタン侵攻に対するアメリカ、カナダなどの穀物禁輸、2001年のアメリカにおける同時多発テロ事件に関し、アメリカによる対アルカイダ(アフガニスタン)などのテロ組織の国内資産凍結などがある。 世界各国の経済的相互依存関係が高まり、軍事的強制措置の発動に伴う紛争の解決が困難となっている今日において、経済制裁は権利を侵害された国の法益や安全を回復させ、違反国にペナルティーを課すという点で重要な制裁手段となっている。しかし経済制裁の発動に至る法的手続のあいまい性や制裁を行う側にも犠牲、負担をもたらすといった問題点も抱えている。 [横川 新] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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