Kuhn, Thomas S.

Japanese: クーン(英語表記)Kuhn, Thomas S.
Kuhn, Thomas S.
Born: July 18, 1922 in Cincinnati, Ohio
[Died] June 17, 1996. Historian of science in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Full name: Thomas Samuel Kuhn. He received his master's degree in physics from Harvard University in 1946 and his doctorate in history of science from the same university in 1949. He lectured on the history and philosophy of science at Harvard University from 1951 to 1956, at the University of California, Berkeley from 1956 to 1964, at Princeton University from 1964 to 1979, and at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1979 to 1991. In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), he questioned the conventional view of the history of science that regards the progress of science as continuous, and proposed that science progresses by repeating scientific revolutions (paradigm shifts) and normal science that progresses with paradigms as the norm. The book brought about a revolution in the interpretation of the history of science and scientific methodology, and sent ripples throughout academia, making it one of the most influential works in the fields of history and philosophy in the 20th century. Kuhn's paradigm theory, which targets the framework of academic recognition, has influenced various fields such as political science, economics, sociology, and business administration. His other works include The Copernican Revolution (1957), The Essential Tension (1977), and "Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity" (1978).

Kuhn
Kuhn, Helmut

Born: March 22, 1899. Ruben
[Died] October 2, 1991.
German philosopher and aesthetician. Professor at Emory University in the US in 1947, Erlangen University in Germany in 1949, and Munich University in 1952. President of the German Society of Philosophy from 1957 to 1962. Philosophically, he started from the philosophy of life and takes the position of existential philosophy. Aesthetically, he advocated the concept of "the festive nature of the work of art" (Die Festlichkeit des Kunstwerks). Main works: "Die Kulturfunktion der Kunst" (2 volumes, 1931), "Sokrates-Versuch über den Ursprung der Metaphysik" (34), "Begegnung mit dem Nichts-ein Versuch über Existenzphilosophie" (50), "Begegnung mit dem Sein" (54), "Wesen und Wirken" "De Kunstwerkes" (60), "Traktat über die Methode der Philosophie" (66).

Kuhn
Kuhn, Richard Johann

Born: December 3, 1900, Vienna
Died: August 1, 1967. Heidelberg. German organic chemist. Graduated from the University of Vienna. Studied under R. Willstätter at the University of Munich (1919-22), where he received his doctorate for his research on porphyrin enzymes. After working at the University of Munich (25) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (26), he became a professor at the University of Heidelberg, head of the chemistry department at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research (29), and then director (37). He continued to serve as director even after the institute was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research after World War II. His original achievements included research on carotenoids and enzymes, crystallization and synthesis of vitamin B2 , synthesis of vitamin A, sex-determining substances in lower algae, the mechanism of sulfa drugs, and structural determination of natural products such as polysaccharides in human milk. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938, but declined the award due to obstruction by the Nazi regime. He only received the award and medal after World War II.

Kuhn
Kuhn, (Franz Felix) Adalbert

Born: November 19, 1812, Königsberg
Died May 5, 1881, Berlin. German linguist and mythologist. He contributed greatly to the study of prehistoric history and comparative mythology based on the comparative study of Indo-European languages. His works include Zur ältesten Geschichte der indogermanischen Völker (1845) (The Most Ancient History of the Indo-European Peoples). In 1852, he founded the Journal for the Study of Comparative Indo-European Languages ​​(abbreviated as KZ, renamed Historische Sprachforschung from volume 101 in 1988).

Kuhn
Coon, Carleton Stevens

Born June 23, 1904 in Wakefield, Massachusetts
[Died] June 3, 1981. Gloucester, Massachusetts. American anthropologist. After receiving his degree from Harvard University in 1928 and teaching anthropology there, he became a professor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1948 and served as director of the university's museum until his retirement in 1963. During this time he conducted fieldwork in North Africa, West Asia, and South America, and also worked to popularize anthropology through the mass media. His major works include Race (1950) and The Origin of Races (62).

Kuhn
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon

Born: January 8, 1587, Hoorn
Died: September 21, 1629. Jakarta. A key figure in the early days of the construction of the Dutch East Indies. The fourth and sixth governors of the Dutch East India Company. He acquired Jakarta as a base for the colony and established the foundations for Dutch colonial management. He was attacked by the Mataram Sultanate and died of illness during the defense.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1922.7.18. オハイオ,シンシナティ
[没]1996.6.17. マサチューセッツ,ケンブリッジ
アメリカ合衆国の科学史家。フルネーム Thomas Samuel Kuhn。1946年ハーバード大学で物理学の修士号,1949年同大学で科学史の博士号を取得。1951~56年ハーバード大学,1956~64年カリフォルニア大学バークリー校,1964~79年プリンストン大学,1979~91年マサチューセッツ工科大学 MITで科学史と科学哲学を講じた。『科学革命の構造』The Structure of Scientific Revolutions(1962)で科学の進歩を連続的ととらえる従来の科学史観に疑義を呈し,科学は科学革命(パラダイムの転換)と,パラダイムを規範として進歩する通常科学を繰り返しながら進歩すると提唱。同書は科学史の解釈や科学方法論に変革をもたらす一方で学界に波紋を広げ,歴史・哲学分野で 20世紀に最も影響力をもった業績の一つにあげられる。クーンのパラダイム論は学問の認識の枠組みを対象にするものとして,政治学,経済学,社会学,経営学など,さまざまな分野に影響を与えた。ほかの著作に『コペルニクス革命――科学思想史序説』The Copernican Revolution(1957),『本質的緊張――科学における伝統と革新』The Essential Tension(1977), "Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity"(1978)などがある。

クーン
Kuhn, Helmut

[生]1899.3.22. リュベン
[没]1991.10.2.
ドイツの哲学者,美学者。 1947年アメリカのエモリィ,49年ドイツのエルランゲン,52年ミュンヘン各大学教授。 57~62年ドイツ哲学会長。哲学的には生の哲学から出発し,実存哲学の立場に立つ。美学的には「芸術作品の祭礼性」 Die Festlichkeit des Kunstwerksの概念を提唱している。主著"Die Kulturfunktion der Kunst" (2巻,1931) ,"Sokrates-Versuch über den Ursprung der Metaphysik" (34) ,"Begegnung mit dem Nichts-ein Versuch über Existenzphilosophie" (50) ,"Begegnung mit dem Sein" (54) ,"Wesen und Wirken des Kunstwerkes" (60) ,"Traktat über die Methode der Philosophie" (66) 。

クーン
Kuhn, Richard Johann

[生]1900.12.3. ウィーン
[没]1967.8.1. ハイデルベルク
ドイツの有機化学者。ウィーン大学卒業。ミュンヘン大学で R.ウィルシュテッターについて学び (1919~22) ,ポルフィリン系酵素の研究で学位を取る。ミュンヘン大学 (25) ,チューリヒのスイス連邦工科大学 (26) に勤務したのち,ハイデルベルク大学教授およびカイザー・ウィルヘルム医薬研究所化学部長 (29) ,同所長 (37) 。第2次世界大戦後マックス・プランク医薬研究所と改称されたのちも,そのまま所長として活躍した。カロテノイドと酵素の研究,ビタミン B2 の結晶単離と合成,ビタミンAの合成,下等藻類の性決定物質,サルファ剤の機序,人乳中の多糖類など天然物の構造決定など,独創的な業績をあげた。 1938年ノーベル化学賞受賞が決ったが,ナチス政権の妨害で辞退し,第2次世界大戦後に賞状とメダルを受取った。

クーン
Kuhn, (Franz Felix) Adalbert

[生]1812.11.19. ケーニヒスベルク
[没]1881.5.5. ベルリン
ドイツの言語学者,神話学者。インド=ヨーロッパ語族の比較研究を基礎とする先史研究,比較神話学の研究に貢献した。『印欧諸民族の最古の歴史』 Zur ältesten Geschichte der indogermanischen Völker (1845) などの著書がある。また,1852年『印欧語比較研究誌』 Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen (略称 KZ,第 101巻〈1988〉から Historische Sprachforschungと改称) を創刊した。

クーン
Coon, Carleton Stevens

[生]1904.6.23. マサチューセッツ,ウェイクフィールド
[没]1981.6.3. マサチューセッツ,グロスター
アメリカの人類学者。 1928年にハーバード大学で学位を取得し,同大学で人類学を講じたあと,48年にペンシルバニア大学教授となり,63年に引退するまで同大学付属博物館の館長をつとめた。この間に北アフリカ,西アジア,南アメリカでフィールドワークを行い,マスメディアを通じての人類学の普及にも努力した。主著に『人種』 Race (1950) ,『人種の起源』 The Origin of Races (62) などがある。

クーン
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon

[生]1587.1.8. ホールン
[没]1629.9.21. ジャカルタ
オランダ領東インド建設初期の主要人物。オランダ東インド会社の第4代および第6代総督。植民の根拠地ジャカルタを獲得してオランダ植民地経営の基礎を築いた。マタラム王国に攻撃され,防戦中病死。

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