Born: July 18, 1922 in Cincinnati, Ohio [Died] June 17, 1996. Historian of science in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Full name: Thomas Samuel Kuhn. He received his master's degree in physics from Harvard University in 1946 and his doctorate in history of science from the same university in 1949. He lectured on the history and philosophy of science at Harvard University from 1951 to 1956, at the University of California, Berkeley from 1956 to 1964, at Princeton University from 1964 to 1979, and at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1979 to 1991. In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), he questioned the conventional view of the history of science that regards the progress of science as continuous, and proposed that science progresses by repeating scientific revolutions (paradigm shifts) and normal science that progresses with paradigms as the norm. The book brought about a revolution in the interpretation of the history of science and scientific methodology, and sent ripples throughout academia, making it one of the most influential works in the fields of history and philosophy in the 20th century. Kuhn's paradigm theory, which targets the framework of academic recognition, has influenced various fields such as political science, economics, sociology, and business administration. His other works include The Copernican Revolution (1957), The Essential Tension (1977), and "Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity" (1978). Kuhn |
[生]1922.7.18. オハイオ,シンシナティ [没]1996.6.17. マサチューセッツ,ケンブリッジ アメリカ合衆国の科学史家。フルネーム Thomas Samuel Kuhn。1946年ハーバード大学で物理学の修士号,1949年同大学で科学史の博士号を取得。1951~56年ハーバード大学,1956~64年カリフォルニア大学バークリー校,1964~79年プリンストン大学,1979~91年マサチューセッツ工科大学 MITで科学史と科学哲学を講じた。『科学革命の構造』The Structure of Scientific Revolutions(1962)で科学の進歩を連続的ととらえる従来の科学史観に疑義を呈し,科学は科学革命(パラダイムの転換)と,パラダイムを規範として進歩する通常科学を繰り返しながら進歩すると提唱。同書は科学史の解釈や科学方法論に変革をもたらす一方で学界に波紋を広げ,歴史・哲学分野で 20世紀に最も影響力をもった業績の一つにあげられる。クーンのパラダイム論は学問の認識の枠組みを対象にするものとして,政治学,経済学,社会学,経営学など,さまざまな分野に影響を与えた。ほかの著作に『コペルニクス革命――科学思想史序説』The Copernican Revolution(1957),『本質的緊張――科学における伝統と革新』The Essential Tension(1977), "Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity"(1978)などがある。 クーン
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