Semen is a fluid that is ejaculated from the male urethra during sexual intercourse, masturbation, wet dreams, etc. It is a mixture of secretions from the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbar urethral glands. It is roughly divided into two components. One is the liquid component (seminal plasma) that makes up the majority of semen, and the other is the cellular component (sperm) that makes up a very small portion. Sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes gather in the rete testis, mature as they pass through the epididymis, and are stored in the cauda epididymis. When sexual arousal is heightened by sexual intercourse or other means, they are quickly transported to the ampulla of the vas deferens by the peristaltic movement of the vas deferens, and when sexual arousal reaches its peak, they are ejaculated out of the urethra together with the seminal vesicle and prostate secretions (ejaculation). Sperm are not motile until they are ejaculated. Sperm is the most important factor in the establishment of pregnancy, but seminal plasma also plays an important physiological role in providing nutrients to sperm and fertility. Semen is a milky white secretion with a unique odor reminiscent of chestnut flowers. Immediately after ejaculation, serous prostatic secretions and gelatinous seminal vesicle secretions are mixed together, with sperm found among them, but if left at room temperature for 30 to 40 minutes, it will liquefy and become homogenous. The normal amount of semen ejaculated is 2 to 6 milliliters, and according to the WHO, less than 2 milliliters is called oligospermia or oligospermia, and no sperm at all is called azoospermia, which can cause infertility. More than 6 milliliters is called polyspermia. On the other hand, the normal sperm count is more than 20 million per milliliter of semen (WHO standard), and less than this is called oligospermia, and no sperm at all is called azoospermia, which can also cause infertility. Other factors that affect pregnancy include sperm motility (50% or more is normal, according to WHO standards) and sperm morphology (50% or more is normal morphology, according to WHO standards). [Masafumi Shirai] Animal semenSeminal plasma refers to the sperm produced in the male reproductive organs and the bodily fluid that suspends them, called seminal plasma. The ratio of sperm to seminal plasma and the components of seminal plasma vary depending on the species and individual of the animal. During reproduction, the sperm are mixed with the secretions of the female reproductive organs and diluted by mating. However, in aquatic animals that undergo external fertilization (fish, sea urchins, sea squirts, etc.), the sperm are released into environmental waters such as land water and sea water and diluted. In many cases, sperm acquire fertility and motility only after this. When sperm is taken out of the body undiluted, it is called dry sperm. In addition to inorganic ions, seminal plasma contains proteins derived from the prostate and seminal vesicles, physiologically active substances such as prostaglandins, and energy sources such as fructose. However, some sperm store energy sources in the form of glycogen (cephalopods, etc.) or creatine phosphate (sea urchins, etc.). [Shoji Baba] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
性交、手淫(しゅいん)、夢精などによって男子尿道から射出される液で、精巣(睾丸(こうがん))、精巣上体(副睾丸)、精管、精嚢(せいのう)、前立腺(せん)および球尿道腺などの分泌物が混合したものである。大きく分けて二つの要素よりなる。その一つは精液の大部分を占める液体成分(精漿(せいしょう))であり、他の一つはごく一部を占める細胞成分(精子)である。精巣の精細管でつくられた精子は精巣網に集まり、精巣上体の中を通過する間に成熟して精巣上体尾部に蓄えられ、性交その他によって性感が高まると精管の蠕動(ぜんどう)運動により速やかに精管膨大部へと送られ、性的興奮が最高に達すると精嚢分泌液や前立腺分泌液とともに尿道外に射出される(射精)。精子は射出されるまで運動していない。精子は妊娠成立にもっとも重要な因子であるが、精漿もまた精子への栄養を与えたり妊孕(にんよう)能力を与えたりする重要な生理作用を有する。精液はクリの花を思わせる一種独特の臭気を有する乳白色の分泌液で、射出直後は漿液性の前立腺分泌液とゲル状の精嚢分泌液が混在しその間に精子がみられるが、常温に30~40分くらい放置しておくと液化して均一になる。1回の射精液量は普通2~6ミリリットルであり、WHOでは2ミリリットル以下を精液過少症または精液減少症、精液がまったく出ないのを無精液症といい、不妊の原因となる。また6ミリリットル以上を精液過多症という。一方精子数は精液1ミリリットル中に2000万以上あるのが正常(WHOの基準)で、これ以下を乏精子症、まったく精子の認められないものを無精子症といい、これらも不妊の原因となる。このほか妊娠に関与する因子として精子の運動率(50%以上が正常、WHO基準)や精子の形態(50%以上が正常形態、WHO基準)などがある。 [白井將文] 動物の精液雄性生殖器において生成された精子とこれを浮遊させる精漿とよばれる体液をあわせていう。精子と精漿の割合、精漿の成分は動物の種類や個体によって異なる。生殖時には交尾によって雌性生殖器の分泌物と混合し希釈される。ただし体外受精の水生動物(魚、ウニ、ホヤなど)では、陸水、海水などの環境水に放精され希釈される。精子はこれによって初めて受精能や運動能を獲得する場合が多い。未希釈のまま体外に取り出したものをドライ・スパームdry spermという。精漿は、無機イオンのほかに、前立腺や貯精嚢などに由来するタンパク質、プロスタグランジンなどの生理活性物質、果糖などのエネルギー源物質を含む。ただし、エネルギー源をグリコーゲン(頭足類など)やクレアチンリン酸(ウニなど)の形で精子中に蓄えているものもみられる。 [馬場昭次] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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