Round-about trade

Japanese: 迂回貿易 - うかいぼうえき(英語表記)round-about trade
Round-about trade

This refers to trade that is conducted in a roundabout way through a third country, rather than through direct transactions between two countries, for the purpose of currency manipulation, etc. After World War II, when foreign exchange controls were strictly enforced, export payments were required to be received in standard foreign currencies such as the US dollar as a rule. However, when it was more advantageous for traders to receive payments in a currency other than the standard foreign currency, a method of roundabout trade was used as a loophole in exchange controls. For example, when the British pound was not yet convertible, export payments from the UK to the US had to be received in US dollars or British pounds in the US account. On the other hand, the British pound in the transferable pound account used for settlement with continental Europe could not be freely exchanged for US dollars, but in continental Europe other than the UK, it could be exchanged for US dollars at a rate lower than the official rate. Therefore, when American traders imported goods from the UK, they could make a profit by importing them into a continental European country first, then re-importing them to the US, which allowed them to settle in the transferable pound at a lower rate. However, after convertibility was restored (1958), this type of roundabout trade disappeared.

[Akira Shida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

為替(かわせ)操作などのために、2国間の直接取引によらないで、第三国を経由して迂回的に行う貿易をいう。第二次世界大戦後、外国為替管理が厳しく行われていた時期には、輸出代金は原則として米ドルなどの標準的な外貨で受け取ることが必要とされた。しかし、標準的な外貨以外で受け取るほうが貿易業者に有利な場合には、為替管理の抜け道として迂回貿易という方法がとられた。たとえば、英ポンドがまだ交換性をもたなかった時期には、イギリスからアメリカへの輸出代金は、米ドルあるいはアメリカ勘定の英ポンドで受け取らねばならなかった。一方、ヨーロッパ大陸との間の決済に用いられる振替可能ポンド勘定の英ポンドは、自由に米ドルと交換することはできなかったが、イギリス以外のヨーロッパ大陸では、公定のレートよりも低いレートでなら米ドルと交換できた。そこで、アメリカの貿易業者がイギリスから商品を輸入する際に、それを一度ヨーロッパ大陸の国に輸入して、それをさらにアメリカに再輸入するという迂回的な操作をすることによって、低いレートの振替可能ポンドで決済が可能になり、利益を得ることができたのである。しかし交換性が回復(1958)してからは、このような迂回貿易は消滅した。

[志田 明]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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