Graham's law

Japanese: グレアムの法則 - ぐれあむのほうそく(英語表記)Graham's law
Graham's law

A law discovered in 1831 by British physicist T. Graham regarding (1) the rate of gas escape and (2) the rate of diffusion.

(1) The speed at which a gas escapes (flows out) from a small hole in a container is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of that gas.

(2) The diffusion rate in gases and liquids tends to be slower as the molecular weight increases.

Regarding gas outflow, according to the kinetic theory of gas molecules, the outflow speed of a gas is proportional to the mean square velocity of the molecules, which is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight due to the law of equipartition of energy. Therefore, it can be explained that the outflow speed is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight. From this, it is possible to know the molecular weight of an unknown gas by comparing the outflow speed between a gas with a known molecular weight and an unknown gas. It is also used in gas separation. Meanwhile, in terms of fluid dynamics, the outflow speed of a gas is proportional to the square root of the pressure difference between the inside and outside of a container.

Regarding the diffusion of gases and liquids, Graham discovered that there are substances with extremely slow diffusion rates, and discovered colloidal solutions.

[Toshihisa Yoshida]

[References] | Diffusion | Kinematic theory of gases | Graham | Colloidal solutions

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1831年イギリスのT・グレアムが、(1)気体の流出速度、および(2)拡散速度に関して発見した法則。

(1)気体が容器の小孔から噴出(流出)する速度は、その気体の密度の平方根に逆比例する。

(2)気体および液体における拡散速度は、分子量の大きいものほど小さくなる傾向がある。

 気体の流出について気体分子運動論によれば、気体の流出速度は分子の自乗平均速度に比例し、自乗平均速度はエネルギー等分配則により分子量の平方根に逆比例する。したがって、流出速度は分子量の平方根に逆比例することが説明できる。これから、分子量が既知の気体と未知の気体との間の流出速度の比較により未知気体の分子量を知ることができる。また、気体の分離にも利用されている。一方、流体力学的には、気体の流出速度は容器の内外の圧力差の平方根に比例する。

 気体および液体の拡散についてグレアムは、拡散速度が著しく小さい物質があることをみいだし、コロイド溶液を発見した。

[吉田俊久]

[参照項目] | 拡散 | 気体分子運動論 | グレアム | コロイド溶液

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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