Coolie - Coolie

Japanese: 苦力 - くーりー
Coolie - Coolie

It refers to workers in India and former China, especially porters, miners, and rickshaw drivers. The Tamil word for hire is translated into English as cooly or coolie, which is said to have been translated into Chinese as coolie. They were the same as slaves in that they were bought and sold as human labor. In the United States, slaves were abolished in 1862 by Lincoln, but coolies were sent in large numbers to Hong Kong, Macau, the West Indies, South Africa, North and South America, Australia, and other places by foreign merchants and Chinese comprador companies as a substitute for slave labor, despite the Qing Dynasty's ban. In March 1872 (Meiji 5), the Japanese government's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Soejima Taneomi, seized the Peruvian ship Maria Luz, which was carrying many Chinese coolies, in Yokohama and liberated them, causing a great stir internationally. The international trade of coolies ended in 1874 with the ban on the coolie trade in Macau, but in China the coolie system continued in a modified form for a long time, and Japan also used it in mines, construction and ports during its invasion of China. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, this system was completely abolished.

[Ryuzo Yamashita]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドや旧中国の労働者、とくに荷担ぎ夫、鉱夫、車夫などをさす。タミル語で雇うということばを英語でcooly, coolieと表記し、それを中国で苦力と表記したといわれる。人間労働力として売買される点では奴隷と同じであった。アメリカではリンカーンにより1862年に奴隷が解放されたが、苦力は奴隷にかわる労働力として、清(しん)朝の禁令にもかかわらず、外国の商人や中国買弁の手で香港(ホンコン)、マカオを中心に、西インド諸島、南アフリカ、南北アメリカ、オーストラリアなどに大量に送られた。1872年(明治5)3月、日本政府の外務卿(きょう)副島種臣(そえじまたねおみ)が、横浜で中国の苦力多数を乗せたペルー船マリア・ルーズ号を拿捕(だほ)して苦力を解放した事件は、国際的に大きな波紋を投げかけた。苦力の売買は国際的には1874年マカオの苦力取引禁止令によって終わったが、中国では形を変えた苦力制度が長く温存され、日本も中国侵略中、鉱山、土建業、港湾においてこの制度を利用した。1949年10月の中華人民共和国成立以降、こうした制度は完全に廃止された。

[山下龍三]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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