Graf, Oskar Maria

Japanese: グラーフ（英語表記）Graf， Oskar Maria

Born: July 22, 1894, Berg am Starnberger See
[Died] June 28, 1967. Born in New York. German novelist. He took over the family bakery business, but moved to Munich and worked in many jobs, including as a cleaner and postman. After 1917, he began writing poetry and novels. He is known for his peasant novels, rich in Bavarian local color. He went into exile in 1933 and went to America. He is world famous for his anti-Nazi letter titled "Burn Me to Death!", which he wrote in the Wiener Workers' Newspaper. He lived in Bavarian peasant clothing even in New York, and was known for his eccentric behavior. His works include "Notes of a Country Writer" (Notizen des Provinzschriftstellers) (1932), "Against All" (Einer gegen alle) (32), and "The Life of My Mother" (Das Leben meiner Mutter) (47).

Graf
Graf; Comte; Count

In the early medieval Frankish Kingdom, an official appointed by the king to oversee local judicial and administrative affairs. In Latin, comes comes. The district was called a Grafschaft (Latin: comitatus). It had extensive military and judicial powers. Under the Merovingian dynasty, the Grafschaft was initially selected from the king's vassals, but when royal authority weakened in the 7th century, local nobles joined in. In the Carolingian dynasty, the Graf system was strengthened and improved, but as the inmunitate (right of non-entry) of church and noble lands developed, its authority was reduced, and in the process of the establishment of the Lane system, the Graf office itself was transformed into a Lane (feudal title) and became hereditary. From the Middle Ages to modern times, Graf (translated as count) became a title indicating the rank of feudal prince (under Duke Herzog).

Graf
Graaf, Reinier de

Born: July 30, 1641 in Schoonhoven
Died: August 17, 1673. Dutch physician and anatomist. He studied medicine at the universities of Utrecht and Leiden, and was qualified as a physician by the University of Angers in France in 1665 after his research on pancreatic juice (1664). He began practicing medicine in Delft in 1667, while also studying the anatomy of the digestive and reproductive systems. He is known as the discoverer of the antral follicle. This discovery (72) led to the knowledge that eggs exist in mammals, just like in other animals (Graf himself thought that what he had discovered was the egg itself). He is also known for devising a method of injecting dye into blood vessels.

Graf
Graf, Urs

Born: 1485, Solothurn
Died in 1526. Swiss painter, printmaker and metalworker. Worked in Strasbourg, Zurich and Basel. Participated as a mercenary in the battles of Northern Italy. Influenced by A. Dürer's prints, he painted mainly religious subjects in copperplate engravings and landscapes and genre scenes in woodcuts. His main work is "War" (1515, Basel Kunstmuseum).

Graf
Graf, Arturo

Born: 1848. Athens
[Died] 1913. Turin, Italy. Poet and critic. Heavily influenced by Leopardi, he published pessimistic poems, but converted to Christianity in his later years. His major work is After Sunset (1893).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1894.7.22. ベルクアムシュタルンベルガージー
[没]1967.6.28. ニューヨーク
ドイツの小説家。家業のパン屋を継いだが，ミュンヘンに出て清掃夫，郵便配達など多くの職業に従事，1917年以後詩作を始め，小説にも筆を染めた。バイエルンの郷土色豊かな農民小説で知られる。 33年亡命，アメリカに渡る。「俺を焼き殺せ!」の題のもとで『ウィーン労働者新聞』に書いたナチス弾劾文で世界的に有名。ニューヨークでもバイエルンの農民服で生活，奇行で知られる。『田舎作家のノート』 Notizen des Provinzschriftstellers (1932) ，『万人に反抗するもの』 Einer gegen alle (32) ，『わが母の生涯』 Das Leben meiner Mutter (47) など。

グラーフ
Graf; comte; count

中世初期のフランク王国で，王が地方の裁判，行政の統轄者として任命した役人。ラテン語でコメス comes。その管区をグラーフシャフト (ラテン語でコミタツス comitatus) と呼ぶ。広範な軍事上の権限と裁判権をもつ。メロビング朝のもとで，当初は王の側近の従士から選任されたが，7世紀に王権が弱まると在地の豪族がこれに加わった。カロリング朝に入って，グラーフ制が整備強化されたが，やがて教会領や貴族領のインムニテート (不入権) が発達するに伴いその権限は縮小し，レーン制の成立過程でグラーフの官職自体がレーン (封) に転化し，世襲されるようになった。それ以後，中世から近代にかけて，グラーフ (伯と訳される) は封建諸侯の位 (公 Herzogの下) を示す称号となった。

グラーフ
Graaf， Reinier de

[生]1641.7.30. スホーンホーベン
[没]1673.8.17. デルフト
オランダの医師，解剖学者。ユトレヒト，ライデン両大学で医学を学び，膵液に関する研究 (1664) が認められ，1665年フランスのアンジェル大学から医者の資格を得る。 67年よりデルフトで医師を開業しつつ，消化器と生殖器の解剖学を研究。胞状卵胞の発見者として知られている。この発見 (72) により，哺乳類においても他の動物と同様卵が存在することが知られるようになった (グラーフ自身は，自分が発見したものを卵そのものと考えた) 。ほかに血管への色素注入法を考案したことでも知られる。

グラーフ
Graf， Urs

[生]1485頃.ゾロツルン
[没]1526. バーゼル
スイスの画家，版画家，金工家。ストラスブール，チューリヒ，バーゼルで制作。北イタリアでの戦闘に傭兵として参加した。彼は A.デューラーの版画の影響を受け，銅版画では主として宗教的題材のもの，木版では風景画や風俗画を描いた。主要作品は『戦争』 (1515，バーゼル美術館) 。