Electromagnetic waves generated by natural sources on Earth. The main cause is lightning discharges. When lightning is present within about 100 kilometers, it is picked up by medium wave radio receivers as a scratching noise. Although it lasts only a few milliseconds, near the source (less than 10 kilometers), it contains frequency components ranging from tens of hertz to several gigahertz, with the maximum energy occurring around 10 kilohertz. However, the higher the frequency component, the greater the attenuation over distance, so only the 10 kilohertz component remains in atmospherics coming from distances of more than several thousand kilometers. Although atmospherics disrupt radio communications, on the other hand, by detecting their source, it is possible to detect the location of lightning that has escaped the meteorological observation network. Today, systems have been developed that simultaneously receive atmospherics emitted from lightning discharges at multiple points, collect the data at one station for analysis, and determine the location of the lightning discharge. These systems are commercialized under names such as LLP, LPATS, and SAFIR, and several companies in Japan have them on hand and in operation. Special types of atmospheric electricity include the Schumann resonance (fundamental frequency of 8 Hz), which orbits the Earth using the Earth's surface and ionosphere as a waveguide, and whistlers (audio frequencies), which pass through the ionosphere and propagate to the other side of the Earth along the Earth's magnetic field lines. [Hiroo Misaki] "Atmospheric Electricity by Jun Kanehara (1944, Kawade Shobo)" ▽ "Atmospheric Electricity - Regarding the Radio Wave Radiation of Lightning by Kazuo Sao (1981, Seizando Shoten)" ▽ "Introduction to Atmospheric Electricity, edited by the Japan Society of Atmospheric Electricity (2003, Corona Publishing)" [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地球上の自然源から発生する電磁波。おもな原因は雷放電である。約100キロメートル以内に雷があると、中波ラジオ受信機にガリガリという雑音として入ってくる。継続時間は1000分の数秒にすぎないが、発生源の近く(10キロメートル以下)では、数十ヘルツから数ギガヘルツまでの周波数成分を含んでおり、エネルギーの最大は10キロヘルツあたりにある。しかし周波数が高い成分ほど距離に対する減衰が大きいので、数千キロメートル以上の遠距離からくる空電には、約10キロヘルツの成分だけが残っている。 空電は電波通信を妨害するが、反面その源を探知することによって、気象観測網から漏れた雷の位置を探知することができる。今日では、雷放電から放射される空電を多地点で同時受信し、データを一局に集めて解析し、雷放電の位置を決定するシステムが開発され、LLP、LPATS、SAFIRなどの名で商品化されており、日本でも数社がそれらを常備、運用している。 特殊な空電としては、地表と電離層を導波管として地球を周回するシューマン共振(基本波8ヘルツ)や、電離層を抜けて地球磁力線に沿って地球の反対側に伝播(でんぱ)するホイッスラ(音声周波域)もある。 [三崎方郎] 『金原淳著『空電』(1944・河出書房)』▽『佐尾和夫著『空電――雷の電波ふく射をめぐって』(1981・成山堂書店)』▽『日本大気電気学会編『大気電気学概論』(2003・コロナ社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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