Hazel - Hazel

Japanese: ハシバミ - はしばみ
Hazel - Hazel

A deciduous shrub of the Betulaceae family (APG classification: Betulaceae). Also called Greater Hazel. The leaves have short petioles, are alternate, triangular broad obovate, about 8 cm long and wide, and have overlapping serrations. Monoecious. The male flowers lack perianths and are scale-like, attached to the drooping rachis, forming a catkin inflorescence. Each scale has 4 to 8 stamens. The female flowers are grouped in pairs, wrapped in bracts, which are covered by small bract scales to form a head-like inflorescence. Each flower has a short perianth, two completely lobed pistils, and two lobes in the ovary, each containing 1 to 2 ovules. The fruit is a rather large nut wrapped in a large involucre. The seeds have a white kernel made up mainly of fleshy cotyledons inside a hard seed coat, and are often used as nuts. They have been used in China for 6,000 years, and have a history of cultivation for 3,000 years. In Japan, they have been widely used in the wild since ancient times. They are distributed in Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, the Korean Peninsula, northeastern China, and the Amur region. Other species that are distributed and used include horn hazel (C. sieboldiana Bl.) and big horn hazel (C. s. var. mandshurica (Maxim.) CKSchneid. ( C. mandshurica Maxim et Rupr.). In Europe and the US, they are called European hazel, and in Europe, C. avellana L. and C. maxima Mill. are common, while in America, C. americana Walter and C. cornuta Marsh. are common. These are also often used as nuts, and are called filbert. Depending on the region, it is also called hazel nut, cobnut, lambert nut, Spanish nut, etc. There are about 20 related species in the world, which are distributed and used in the Northern Hemisphere. The main producing countries of filbert are America, Turkey, Italy, Spain, etc.

[Muneo Iizuka February 17, 2020]

use

100 grams of nuts contain 622 kcal, 12.7 grams of protein, 58.8 grams of fat, 21.1 grams of carbohydrates, and 2.7 grams of ash. They are also rich in minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as vitamins B1 , B2 , and niacin, making them a valuable food. In addition to being eaten raw, the kernels produce about 30% oil, which has a good aroma and can be used as an edible oil. The raw fruit or powder is used as a raw material for candied fruit. The bark contains around 10% tannin and is used for tanning leather. The wood is dense and can be processed into honey.

[Muneo Iizuka February 17, 2020]

[References] | Betulaceae | Horned hazel | Nuts
Hazel
The fruit is a rather large nut, enclosed in a large involucre. The seeds have a white kernel inside a hard seed coat, and are often used as nuts. ©Shogakukan Photo by Okuyama Hisashi ">

Hazel

Horned hazel
The leaves are alternate, ovate, and have irregular sawtooth edges. The fruit has a long tail that curves into an arch, and the angular bracts are prominent. ©Shogakukan Photo by Okuyama Hisashi ">

Horned hazel

Hazelnuts
©Shogakukan ">

Hazelnuts


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

カバノキ科(APG分類:カバノキ科)の落葉性低木。オオハシバミともいう。葉は短い葉柄をもち、互生し、三角状広倒卵形、長さ、幅ともに8センチメートル前後、重複鋸歯(きょし)がある。雌雄同株。雄花は花被(かひ)を欠き、鱗片(りんぺん)状となり、垂れ下がる花軸につき、尾状花序をつくる。各鱗片には4~8本の雄しべがある。雌花は2花ずつ集まって小包葉に包まれ、それらが小形の包鱗に覆われて、頭状にみえる花序をつくる。各花の花被は短く、全裂した2本の雌しべがあり、子房は2室、各室に1~2個の胚珠(はいしゅ)がある。果実はやや大形の堅果で、大形の総包に包まれている。種子は堅い種皮の内部に主として肉質の子葉からなる白色の仁(じん)をもち、ナッツとしてよく利用される。中国では6000年前から利用され、3000年の栽培史をもつ。日本では古くから野生の利用が多い。北海道、本州、九州および朝鮮半島、中国東北部、アムール地方にまで分布する。ほかにツノハシバミC. sieboldiana Bl.、オオツノハシバミC. s. var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid.(C. mandshurica Maxim et Rupr.)などが、分布し利用される。欧米のものはセイヨウハシバミとよばれ、ヨーロッパではC. avellana L.とC. maxima Mill.が多く、アメリカではC. americana WalterやC. cornuta Marsh.などが多い。これらもナッツとしてよく利用され、フィルバートfilbertとよばれる。また、ときにより、地方により、ヘイゼルナッツhazel nut、コブナッツcobnut、ランバートナッツlambert nut、スパニッシュナッツSpanish nutなどともよばれる。世界の類縁種は約20余種、北半球に分布し、利用される。フィルバートの主産国はアメリカ、トルコ、イタリア、スペインなどである。

[飯塚宗夫 2020年2月17日]

利用

ナッツ100グラム中には622キロカロリー、タンパク質12.7グラム、脂質58.8グラム、炭水化物21.1グラム、灰分2.7グラムを含み、カルシウム、リン、カリウムなどの無機質も多く、ビタミンB1・ B2、ナイアシンなどもあり、食品としての価値は高い。生食のほか、仁からとれる油は約30%で、香りがよく食用油とする。生果実のまま、あるいは粉状として糖果の原料とする。樹皮には10%内外のタンニンを含み、皮革のなめしに用いる。樹木は緻密(ちみつ)で加工材とする。

[飯塚宗夫 2020年2月17日]

[参照項目] | カバノキ科 | ツノハシバミ | ナッツ
ハシバミ
果実はやや大形の堅果で、大きな総包に包まれている。種子は堅い種皮の内部に白色の仁をもち、ナッツとしてよく利用される©Shogakukan 撮影/おくやまひさし">

ハシバミ

ツノハシバミ
葉は互生し、卵形で縁には不規則な鋸歯がある。果実は尾部が長く伸びて弓状に曲がり、角状の包葉が目だつ©Shogakukan 撮影/おくやまひさし">

ツノハシバミ

ヘイゼルナッツ
©Shogakukan">

ヘイゼルナッツ


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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