Jun yao (English spelling)

Japanese: 均徭 - きんよう（英語表記）Jūn yáo

One of the labor systems in the Ming Dynasty in China. Labor in the Ming Dynasty was broadly divided into Lijiazheng and miscellaneous labor, and the burden increased as time went on. Miscellaneous labor in particular was assigned on an ad-hoc basis according to the state's needs in the early Ming, but as the state apparatus expanded over time, the burden became heavier and the number of types increased. The Equal Labor Law was then enacted to balance (regularize and quantify) the burden of miscellaneous labor. It was implemented in Jiangxi by the Xiasi, the Anzasi, in around 1443 (the 8th year of the Zhengtong era), and by the 1980s it had been implemented throughout the country.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

中国，明の徭役制度の一つ。明代の徭役は里甲正役と雑役に大別され，時代の下るとともにその負担は増大した。とくに雑役は，明初には国家の必要に応じて随時割り当てられたが，時代とともに国家機構が膨張するにつれて，その負担が重くなり，種類も増加した。そこで雑役負担の均衡(定期化，定量化)をはかるため制定されたのがこの均徭法である。1443年(正統8)ころ按察司僉事（せんじ）夏時によって江西に行われ，80年代にはほぼ全国に実施された。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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