Silver standard - ginhoniseido (English spelling) silver standard

Japanese: 銀本位制度 - ぎんほんいせいど(英語表記)silver standard 英語
Silver standard - ginhoniseido (English spelling) silver standard

This refers to a monetary system in which the monetary commodity that functions as a unit of value is silver, not gold, and silver coins are standard and unlimited legal tender, with free minting permitted. The establishment of the modern monetary system was realized with the global spread of the gold standard in the second half of the 19th century, but until then, the silver standard or bimetallic standard was common. The first country to abandon the silver standard was the advanced capitalist country of Great Britain. Germany followed suit, banning the free minting of standard silver coins in 1871. After that, other countries that had adopted the bimetallic standard, including the United States in 1873 and the Latin Monetary Union countries centered around France in 1876, took similar measures, and the abolition of silver became a global trend. As a result, the sale of standard silver coins and the demand for silver for currency dropped sharply, and on the other hand, due to the increase in the amount of silver produced worldwide and the significant drop in the cost of silver production, the decline in the price of silver became a global trend. Before 1873 (when Germany adopted the gold standard), the gold-silver ratio was about 1 gold to 16 silver, but by 1897 (when Japan adopted the gold standard), it had fallen to 1 to 34. The fall in the price of silver in the latter half of the 19th century had a complex effect on countries that maintained the silver standard (typically Asian countries). In other words, the fall in the price of silver and the fall in the exchange rate stimulated exports and restricted imports, which led to a boom in the economy, but the fall in the exchange rate eventually led to a rise in domestic prices of imported goods, which in turn led to a rise in domestic prices, eliminating the undervaluation of exported goods. In general, the fluctuation and instability of exchange rates due to fluctuations and instability in the price of silver had a negative effect on the growth of trade. For this reason, even countries that maintained the silver standard had no choice but to adopt the gold standard, and China, the last remaining country, switched to the gold exchange standard, which is a type of gold standard, in 1935. With this, silver was completely demonetized, and the silver standard as a monetary system was also completely abandoned.

[Tadashi Saito]

[Reference] | Currency | Silver | Silver coins | Gold-silver ratio | Gold standard | Bimetallic standard | Standard system

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

価値尺度機能を営む貨幣商品が、金ではなく銀であり、銀貨が自由鋳造を認められた本位貨幣・無制限法貨であるような貨幣制度をさす。近代的な貨幣制度の確立は、19世紀後半における金本位制度の世界的普及によって実現されるが、それまでは銀本位制度または金銀複本位制度が一般的であった。最初に銀本位制度を放棄したのは資本主義の先進国であるイギリスであった。これに追随してドイツが1871年に本位銀貨の自由鋳造を禁止した。その後複本位制度をとっていた国も、1873年にアメリカ、1876年にはフランスを中心とするラテン貨幣同盟諸国が同様の措置に踏み切り、銀の貨幣廃位は世界的傾向となった。その結果、本位銀貨の売却および貨幣用銀需要の激減が生じ、他方、世界の銀産出額の増加と銀生産費の顕著な低下も加わって、銀価の低落が世界的傾向となった。1873年(ドイツが金本位制度採用)以前の金銀比価はおよそ金1対銀16であったが、1897年(日本が金本位制度採用)には1対34にまで低下したのである。このような19世紀後半における銀価低落は、銀本位制度維持国(典型例はアジア諸国)に複雑な影響を与えることになった。すなわち、銀価低落、為替(かわせ)相場下落による輸出の刺激、輸入の抑制は好景気を招来するが、やがて為替相場下落による輸入品の国内価格騰貴ひいては国内物価の騰貴をもたらし、輸出商品価格の割安を解消してしまうのであり、総じて銀価の変動・不安定による為替相場の動揺・不安定は、貿易の伸長にマイナスの作用を果たすことになるのである。このため、銀本位制度維持国も金本位制度の採用に踏み切らざるをえず、最後まで残った中国も1935年に金本位制度の一つである金為替本位制度に移行した。これをもって銀は完全に廃貨され、したがって貨幣制度としての銀本位制度もまた完全に放棄されるに至ったのである。

[齊藤 正]

[参照項目] | 貨幣 | | 銀貨 | 金銀比価 | 金本位制度 | 複本位制度 | 本位制度

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