Crispi, Francesco

Japanese: クリスピ（英語表記）Crispi， Francesco

Born: October 4, 1819, Ribera, Agrigento
Died August 12, 1901. Neapolitan Italian politician. He studied law in Sicily and opened a law practice in Naples, but in January 1848 he participated in the Palermo uprising and became a member of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of Sicily. When the Bourbon government was restored in 1849, he fled to Turin and became a journalist, but was expelled on suspicion of involvement in the Milan uprising in 1853 and fled to London. There he met G. Mazzini, who was a kindred spirit as a republican and confirmed the policy of realizing the unification of Italy under a republican form of government. In 1859, he secretly visited Sicily and made contact with anti-Bourbons, and in 1860 he became one of the organizers of G. Garibaldi's Sicilian expedition. After the Sicilian expedition was successful and Garibaldi established a dictatorship, he served as Minister of the Interior and promoted the anti-Bourbon struggle. After the unification of the country, he was elected to the new parliament, but in 1865 he declared his support for the monarchy and left Mazziniism. In 1976, he became Speaker of the Lower House when the liberal left-wing A. Depretis government was formed, and the following year he joined the cabinet as Minister of the Interior. In 1987, after Depretis' death, he became Prime Minister. He pursued policies to promote national prestige in both domestic and foreign affairs. In domestic affairs, he suppressed the socialist movement, but he also carried out reforms to the local administrative system and established a system of central government control over the regions. In foreign affairs, he adopted a hostile policy toward France, drawing closer to Germany and strengthening the Triple Alliance. He also pursued an aggressive policy of expanding into Africa, and established the Eritrean colony in January 1990. He retired as Prime Minister in January 1991, but returned in December 1993, and severely suppressed the Sicilian Fasci movement, which was showing signs of a popular revolt at the time, and imposed martial law on the island of Sicily from January to August 1994. He also strengthened his invasion of Ethiopia and began military intervention, but suffered a fatal defeat in the Battle of Adwa in March 1996. This defeat forced him to resign as prime minister, ending his political career.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1819.10.4. アグリジェント，リベラ
[没]1901.8.12. ナポリ
イタリアの政治家。シチリアで法律を学び，ナポリで弁護士を開業したが，1848年1月パレルモ蜂起に加わってシチリアの臨時革命政権のメンバーとなる。 49年ブルボン政権が復活するとトリノに亡命してジャーナリストとなったが，53年のミラノ蜂起に関係した疑いをもたれて追放され，ロンドンに亡命。ここで G.マッツィーニと会い，ともに共和主義者として意気投合し，イタリアの国家統一を共和制の政体で実現する方針を確認。 59年ひそかにシチリアを訪れて反ブルボン派と連絡をとり，60年 G.ガリバルディのシチリア遠征の組織者の一人となった。シチリア遠征が成功してガリバルディが独裁政権を樹立すると，内相をつとめ反ブルボン闘争を推進。国家統一後新議会に選出されるが，65年君主制を支持することを表明してマッツィーニ主義から離れた。 76年自由主義左派の A.デプレティス政府ができると下院議長に就任し，翌年内相として入閣。 87年デプレティスの死後首相に就任。内政，外交両面にわたって国威発揚の政策をとった。内政では社会主義運動を弾圧する一方，地方行政制度の改革を断行，中央権力による地方支配の体制を整えた。外交面ではフランス敵視政策をとってドイツに接近，三国同盟路線を強化した。さらに積極的なアフリカ進出政策をとり，90年1月にエリトリア植民地を建設。 91年1月首相を退いたが 93年 12月に返り咲き，おりから民衆反乱の様相を呈していたシチリア・ファッシの運動に大弾圧を加え，94年1～8月までシチリア島に戒厳令をしいた。またエチオピア侵略態勢も再び強化して軍事介入を開始したが，96年3月アドワの戦いで致命的な大敗を喫した。この敗戦で首相辞任に追込まれ，政治生命も終った。

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