Equation of time

Japanese: 均時差 - きんじさ
Equation of time

The time difference between apparent solar time and mean solar time. In other words, it is the difference between the right ascension of the apparent sun and the right ascension of the mean sun, and is also called the time difference or the time difference percentage. When the equation of time was first introduced, it was defined as the amount by which apparent solar time was corrected from apparent solar time obtained by a sundial or other device to obtain mean solar time, but since mean solar time is now obtained by converting it into sidereal time obtained by astronomical observations, since 1925 it has been defined as the amount of correction to obtain apparent solar time by correcting it to mean solar time. Therefore, the sign of the equation is different before and after 1925.

The equation of time consists of two parts. One is called "equatorial realignment" because the apparent sun is on the ecliptic, which is tilted toward the equator, and the other is called "central difference" because the sun moves in an elliptical orbit. The equation of time is zero, or in other words, the time indicated by the mean sun and the true sun coincide four times: around April 17, June 16, September 2, and December 25. In between, the equation of time is at its maximum and minimum. It reaches minus 14.4 minutes around February 13, plus 3.8 minutes around May 15, minus 6.4 minutes around July 27, and plus 16.4 minutes around November 6. A positive number here means that when the clock shows noon local time, the sun has already passed the local meridian that early and is in the west, and a negative number means that at noon the sun is still in the east and has not yet reached its zenith.

[Toshio Watanabe]

"Mathematical Astronomy by Toshio Watanabe (1977, Koseisha Kouseikaku)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

視太陽時と平均太陽時の時刻差。いいかえると、視太陽の赤経と平均太陽の赤経の差であり、時差とも時差率ともいう。均時差が初めて導入されたときは、日時計などによって得られる視太陽時から平均太陽時を得るために視太陽時に補正する量として定義されたが、現在では天文観測によって得られる恒星時から換算して平均太陽時が得られるので、1925年以来、平均太陽時に補正して視太陽時を得るための補正量と定義されている。したがって、1925年前と後ではその正負の符号を異にする。

 均時差は二つの部分から成り立っている。一つは視太陽が赤道に傾斜する黄道上にあることからおこる「赤道引直し」といわれる部分と、他の一つは太陽が楕円(だえん)軌道を運行することから生ずる中心差とよばれる部分から成り立つ。均時差がゼロとなるとき、いいかえれば平均太陽と真太陽の示す時刻が一致するときは、およそ4月17日ころ、6月16日ころ、9月2日ころ、12月25日ころの4回である。この中間では均時差が最大および最小になるときがある。2月13日ころに負14.4分、5月15日ころに正3.8分、7月27日ころに負6.4分、11月6日ころに正16.4分に達する。ここに正ということは、時計が地方時で正午を示したときに、太陽はすでにその地の子午線をそれだけ早く通過して西にあることであり、負ということは、正午にまだ太陽は東にあって南中していないことである。

[渡辺敏夫]

『渡辺敏夫著『数理天文学』(1977・恒星社厚生閣)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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