Suburban Agriculture

Japanese: 近郊農業 - きんこうのうぎょう
Suburban Agriculture

This refers to agriculture carried out in the suburbs of cities. From the perspective of established urban areas, this region is positioned as a planned site for urban expansion, and from the perspective of rural areas, as a retreating area. Because it is close to the city, land rents, land prices, and labor costs are high, and it is located close to markets for purchasing production goods and selling agricultural products. These conditions are utilized to advantage, and a form of agriculture is carried out that adopts the selection of production sectors, techniques, and management methods regulated by these conditions. Therefore, suburban agriculture focuses on the production of perishable agricultural products that consumers require to be fresh, and agricultural products that are heavy compared to their price and have high transportation costs. Examples include soft leafy vegetables, high-quality fresh vegetables, flowers, fruits, milk, eggs, as well as plants and grass. In addition, agricultural management is highly intensive in order to deal with high land prices and high rents. That is, in outdoor cultivation, multiple cropping is adopted to make effective use of limited land area, accelerated cultivation or retarded cultivation is adopted using greenhouses or vinyl greenhouses, and livestock raising of multiple animals or birds using purchased feed is adopted. In shipping and selling of agricultural products, they are shipped to markets using their own transportation means, or sold directly to consumers and retailers. Also, attempts are being made to ship and sell under favorable conditions by targeting the off-season in the market.

However, since the 1980s, the gap between suburban and remote farming has been narrowing due to the development of transportation and information means. In addition, since it is easy to find employment in areas close to cities, the number of farmers who commute to work part-time has been rapidly increasing. Hoping for rising land prices, some farmers have increased their dependence on non-farming income by holding the land as an asset or using it for non-farming purposes, resulting in the creation of farmers who only engage in extensive farming.

[Hiroyuki Nishimura]

"A Theory of Suburban Agriculture" by Hideo Miyade (1950, Jitsugyo no Nihonsha) " "A History of Suburban Agriculture in Modern Japan" by Zenjiro Watanabe (1991, Ronsosha) " "Greenery and Farmland in Urbanized Areas of Developed Countries" edited by Hiroyuki Nishimura (1994, Fumin Kyokai)

[References] | Urban agriculture | Agriculture | Agricultural management

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

都市の近郊で行われる農業をいう。この地域は、既成市街地からみると、都市拡大の予定地として、また農村側からみると後退地としての位置づけがなされる。都市に近接していることから、地代、地価、労賃などが高く、生産財の購入市場および農産物の販売市場には近いという立地条件にあり、これらの条件を有利に活用したり、またはこれらの条件に規制された生産部門の選択、技術と経営方法を採用した形態の農業が営まれる。したがって近郊農業では、消費者に鮮度が要求される腐敗しやすい農産物や、価格のわりに重量が大きく輸送費が割高となるような農産物の生産が中心となる。例としては、軟弱な葉菜類、高級生鮮蔬菜(そさい)、花卉(かき)、果実、牛乳、鶏卵、そして植木、芝などがあげられる。また、農業経営としては、高地価・高地代に対処するため高度集約的な経営が行われる。すなわち、露地栽培では、限られた面積の土地を有効に利用する多毛作の採用、温室、ビニルハウスなどの利用による促成栽培や抑制栽培などの採用、購入飼料による多頭・多羽飼養畜産などである。農産物の出荷・販売では、自家の運搬手段によって市場へ出荷したり、消費者、小売商などへ直接販売したりする。また、市場における端境期をねらって有利な条件で出荷・販売することも試みられている。

 しかし、1980年代に入ってからは交通運輸・情報手段の発達によって近郊農業と遠隔地農業の差は縮まってきている。また、都市に近接している地域では容易に就職できることから通勤兼業農家が急速に増えてきており、土地価格の騰貴を期待して、土地を資産的に保持したり、農外用途に向けることによって農外収入への依存を高め、農業は粗放的にしか営まない農家が生み出されることもあった。

[西村博行]

『宮出秀雄著『都市近郊農業論』(1950・実業之日本社)』『渡辺善次郎著『近代日本都市近郊農業史』(1991・論創社)』『西村博行編著『先進国の都市化地域における緑・農地』(1994・富民協会)』

[参照項目] | 都市農業 | 農業 | 農業経営

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