Silver belongs to the 11th group of the periodic table and is one of the copper group elements (also called monetary metals). It is a beautiful bluish-white metal with a beautiful luster, and is considered a precious metal along with gold. Silver has been known since ancient times, as can be seen in the Old Testament, where there are scenes of trading with silver coins, but its use was much slower than that of gold. This is because silver was produced in less quantity in the form of natural silver than in natural gold, and it required refining. Since the main source of silver in ancient times was galena, it is often found together with lead in artifacts excavated from ancient ruins. It has been found in ruins in Egypt and Mesopotamia dating back to around 3000 BC (although there are far fewer silver products compared to gold), and silver vases and other items were found during the Babylonian Empire. At that time, silver was considered more noble than gold (according to Egyptian law around 3600 BC, the value ratio of gold to silver was 1 to 2.5), and it seems that gold was even plated with silver. Silver at that time also contained a large amount of gold. The oldest record of silver coins is from the Lydian Kingdom in the 7th century BC, and it is said that this was passed on to Greece and Rome (silver coins from this period were an alloy of gold and silver). Silver production increased from Attica around the 5th century BC, and silverware was highly valued and treated with great care during the Roman period. After that, in medieval Europe, the main production areas were England and Germany, but it was still far more expensive than gold. In the 16th century, a large amount of silver flowed into Europe from the "New World," causing a price revolution as the price of silver fell, but the price eventually stabilized as England and other countries established the silver standard. Silver was also widely used in crafts, and silverware as tableware was particularly valued in Europe, and British silverware is famous for its artistic merit. It has also been used in India since ancient times, and it is known that there were already stores in China that handled silverware and silver ingots during the Tang and Song dynasties. These were called banks in contrast to gold banks, but as silver coins came to replace them, the name eventually came to be used to refer to financial institutions. Furthermore, while gold symbolizes the sun, silver was associated with the crescent moon because of its color, and was worshiped as the moon goddess and revered in medieval alchemy. Silver was brought to Japan from Korea long ago, but records of its production date back longer than that of gold. There are records of silver being produced in Tsushima during the reign of Emperor Tenmu (reigned 673-686) (Nihon Shoki) and of trial casting of wado-gin-sen coins (Shoku Nihongi). However, as was the case worldwide, silver was not used as much as gold from ancient times to the Middle Ages. During the Muromachi period, silver mines were developed in various places, and silver production increased rapidly. [Nakahara Katsunori] Origin of the nameThe symbol for silver, Ag, is derived from the Latin argentum (from argos, meaning white), and the French word argent also comes from Latin. The English word silver and the German word Silber are said to come from the Assyrian word sarpu, meaning silver. In ancient Japan, it was called shirogane (white gold) and was one of the five colors of gold (kogane = gold, shirogane = silver, akagane = copper, kurogane = iron, aogane = lead). An example of this can be seen in the poem by Yamanoue no Okura in the Man'yoshu, "What can I do with silver, gold, and jewels? I would be disgusted by my precious child." [Nakahara Katsunori] ExistenceIts abundance is low and its quantity is small. It occurs naturally as native silver, and mainly in the form of sulfides. The main minerals are argyrite, brittle silver, antimonylite, and argentite, as well as hornblende. It is also found in small amounts in ores of copper, lead, and zinc, and a considerable amount is obtained as a by-product when refining these metals. The world's largest producers are Mexico, Peru, Australia, the United States, and China, which together account for the majority of the world's total production. [Nakahara Katsunori] Manufacturing methodAs with gold, there are various methods for refining silver-bearing ores, such as the mercury-mixing method, the cyanidation method, and the dry method, but the mercury-mixing method is not widely used. (1) Cyanide method This method is used when the raw materials are native silver, silver chloride, or relatively pure silver sulfide. Generally, the raw ore contains a lot of impurities, and the recovery rate is not very good (50-70%). For this reason, it is crushed as finely as possible, the concentration of the cyanide solution is increased (0.3-0.5%), and the mixture is thoroughly stirred to extend the leaching time, and oxygen is introduced to increase the yield (80-90%). Because the refining costs are higher than that of gold, silver is rarely refined separately, and it is refined together with gold. (2) Dry process: This is exactly the same as for gold. When smelting copper and lead, silicate of gold ore is added to copper and lead ores as a flux, and the ores are smelted. The silicate is then extracted together with the copper and lead, and finally separated. [Nakahara Katsunori] Purification methodThe crude silver obtained in this way is refined by electrolytic refining. There are several methods for silver electrolysis, but all of them use a silver nitrate solution containing nitric acid as the electrolyte. Positive and negative electrodes are hung alternately. Since silver can develop into dendrites and cause short circuits during this process, a device is installed to scrape them off, and the silver is electrolyzed in a cotton or muslin bag to prevent contamination of the electrolytic silver. The resulting silver is collected and melted to produce electrolytic silver. The purity is usually 99.99% or more. [Nakahara Katsunori] natureIts malleability and ductility are second only to gold, and it can be made into foil 0.0015 mm thick. One gram of silver can be made into a 1,800-meter wire. Its hardness is 2.5 to 3. When melted, it absorbs a large amount of oxygen in air and releases it violently when solidified. It has the highest thermal and electrical conductivity of any metal (electrical resistivity 1.59× 10-6 Ω·cm, thermal conductivity 0.998 cal/cm·sec·deg (at 20°C)). It is stable in water and oxygen, but turns into black silver oxide (AgO) in ozone, and black silver sulfide (Ag 2 S) in sulfur or hydrogen sulfide. It does not react with hydrogen, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide even at high temperatures, but is attacked by halogens. It dissolves in nitric acid and hot sulfuric acid to become silver nitrate and silver sulfate, respectively. It does not dissolve in alkali, but dissolves in molten sodium hydroxide in the presence of air. Its oxidation number in normal compounds is I or II, and it also has an oxidation number of III. [Nakahara Katsunori] ApplicationsIt is a good conductor of electricity and heat, and its ease of processing and mechanical properties make it a versatile metal material. Currently, over 70% of the world's total production is used for industrial purposes, with the remainder being used as currency. In Japan, silver is most commonly used in the photography industry, accounting for about 30% of consumption. It is also used in ornaments, crafts, silverware, etc. Pure silver is too soft, so it is often used as an alloy, and alloys with copper are mainly used for currency. [Nakahara Katsunori] The cultural history of silverIn China, silver is said to be the most precious elixir after gold, and so silver has been respected in the history of human culture, second only to gold, or even alongside it. Like gold, silver has more aesthetic value than economic value, but it has also been valuable as a material for currency and as a variety of decorations and accessories. Due to its luster, the term silver in many languages means "shining white metal." Silver is also said to symbolize purity and innocence, and in Catholic churches, tools and bells used in religious ceremonies are made of silver. In contrast to the connection between gold and the sun, silver was associated with the moon, and it was thought that silver grew under the influence of the moon. The connection between silver and the moon was already common throughout the ancient Near Eastern world, and the Egyptian moon goddess Hathor was considered to be a silver goddess. On the other hand, it was said that the bones of gods, including the sun god Ra, were made of silver. In Greek mythology, gold belongs to the sun god Apollo, while silver belongs to the moon goddess Artemis. This goddess is said to ride a silver chariot pulled by a white horse through the night sky, draw a silver bow, and shoot arrows of silver light. Medieval European alchemists called silver the moon goddess Luna or Diana (the Roman name of Artemis), and made the bow-bearing moon a symbol of silver. Among them, silver was contrasted with gold, and represented the human spirit in contrast to the divine spirit, and the female in contrast to the male. In European folk beliefs, silver is also associated with the moon, and if you put a silver coin in your pocket during a new moon, it will double your fortune. Silver weapons and bullets are also believed to have supernatural powers superior to those of steel, never failing to kill the enemy, and there is no defense against them, so they were believed to be the most effective in fighting witches. The belief that silver amulets have the power to ward off evil spirits and magic is seen in various places, and in China silver lockets are worn to ward off evil spirits. Silver accessories are especially popular among mountain people from southern China to Southeast Asia, and silver is used to decorate the traditional costumes of women in particular. For example, in the case of the Yao people, square silver plates are used to join the left and right sides of their jackets, and their uchikake-style jackets are studded with silver rivets and are glitteringly embroidered all over. They also wear ring-shaped earrings, silver strings wrapped around the top of their turbans, multiple-layered collars and earrings, and necklaces made from braided silver strings. These silver products have decorative and magical effects, and the shape of the accessories and the designs engraved on them mark the characteristics of the race, while also functioning economically as a means of accumulating wealth. It is said that silver is more highly valued among them than gold. In ancient Egypt, too, it is said that silver was more valuable than gold because of its rarity. Like gold, silver mining can be accompanied by various taboos, and rituals are also held for the god who rules the mines. In China, there is a legend that a silver mine will be discovered where a silver-colored man or a woman in white has disappeared. [Tamura Katsumi] Silver as currencyIt is said that silver was already being used as a currency by weight along with gold in Egypt and Babylonia around 2000 B.C., but it was in Greece around the 7th century B.C. that silver coins with a set shape, fineness, and weight were first minted. Silver came to be used as currency because of its economic and technical properties: (1) it is valuable in small quantities, (2) its value is stable, (3) it is durable, (4) it is difficult to break, (5) it can be divided into small pieces, (6) every part has the same quality, and (7) it is easy to carry. However, it was not until Mediterranean trade became active in the 13th and 14th centuries that silver coins came to be widely used in transactions. Thus, silver has often been used as currency alongside gold since ancient times, and countries with a bimetallic standard were predominant. It is no coincidence that shillings, dollars, florins, and pounds were all traditionally used to refer to silver coins (however, the British pound was named after the unit of calculation for payments exceeding 240 sterling coins, when 240 coins were minted from one pound of silver, not because a silver coin called a pound was created). However, in a bimetallic system in which the actual unit of economic value of a country is determined by two metals, gold and silver, the so-called Gresham's law, which states that "bad money drives out good money," comes into play, and so the bimetallic system was destined to eventually transition to a monometallic system. In 1816, Great Britain, which was establishing a dominant position in the world economy at that time, adopted the gold standard. In the second half of the 19th century, abundant silver ores were discovered in various places, increasing silver production, and innovations in silver refining methods reduced silver production costs. As a result, the price of silver fell worldwide and the gold-silver ratio rose, and by the end of the 19th century, many countries had abandoned the silver standard, and silver coins had become secondary currency. China, which remained on the silver standard until the end, also switched to the gold exchange standard, which is a type of gold standard, in 1935. In Japan, silver ingots were imported from the Korean Peninsula at the end of the 5th century and used as currency for the first time, and it was at the beginning of the 8th century (during the Wadou period) that silver coins were minted domestically for the first time. However, silver coins did not begin to circulate in earnest until 1601 (6th year of the Keicho period), when a silver mint was established in Fushimi and chogin silver coins were minted. Chogin silver was a weighted currency with an inconsistent weight of approximately 40 momme, and was used by wrapping several of it in a set amount, with any shortfall being made up with mameban silver coins. After the Genroku period (1688-1704), the quality of silver gradually deteriorated due to frequent recoinage, and although 60 momme of silver was considered to be equivalent to 1 ryo of gold, the gold-silver ratio had risen to over 100 momme by the Keio period (1865-1868). During the Edo period, when the three-currency system was in place, silver coins were standard currency along with gold coins and copper coins. In the Meiji period, the New Currency Act was enacted in 1871 (Meiji 4), with the gold standard system as its pillar, but in reality, trade silver (a 1-yen silver coin with the equivalent value of a 1-dollar silver coin) was the standard currency, and the Bank of Japan's convertible banknotes, which began to be issued in 1885, were also convertible into silver coins. Japan's gold standard system in both name and reality was established after the enactment of the Currency Act in 1897, when silver coins became subsidiary currency. [Horiie Bunkichirō] "The Story of Precious Metals" edited by Hironobu Yamamoto (1992, Gihodo Publishing)" ▽ "The Birth of Money - A Natural History of Imperial Coins" by Ryuzo Mikami (1998, Asahi Shimbun)" ▽ "Encyclopedia of Japanese History: Money" edited by Takeo Takizawa and Yasushi Nishiwaki (1999, Tokyodo Publishing)" [References] | | | | | | | | | |Silver | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Double silver| | | | | | | [Supplementary information] |©Shogakukan "> Periodic Table Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
周期表第11族に属し、銅族元素(貨幣金属元素ともいう)の一つ。単体は青白色の美しい光沢をもった金属で、貴金属として金と並べられる。『旧約聖書』に銀貨での取引の場面が出てくるように、銀は古くから知られた金属であるが、金と比べてその利用の仕方がはるかに遅かった。これは、自然銀の形での産出が自然金より少なく、精錬が必要だったことによる。古代の銀のおもな供給源は方鉛鉱であったため、古代遺跡の出土品では鉛といっしょに出てくることが多い。紀元前3000年ごろのエジプト、メソポタミアなどの遺跡からも発見されており(ただし、金に比べて銀製品ははるかに少ない)、バビロニア帝国の時代になると、銀製の壺(つぼ)などが出てくる。このころは、銀のほうが金よりも高貴であるとされ(前3600年ごろのエジプトの法律によれば、金と銀との価値の比は1対2.5であったという)、金に銀をめっきすることすらも行われたようである。またそのころの銀は、多分に金を含んだものであった。銀貨としての古い記録には前7世紀のリディア王国のものがあり、これがギリシア、ローマに受け継がれたといわれている(この時代の銀貨は金と銀との合金である)。銀の産出は前5世紀ごろのアッティカから増大しており、ローマ時代には銀器が珍重され、たいせつに取り扱われている。その後中世ヨーロッパでは、主産地はイギリス、ドイツとなったが、それでも金よりはるかに高価であった。16世紀に入って、「新大陸」から大量の銀がヨーロッパに流入し、銀の価格は下落して価格革命を引き起こしたが、イギリスなどで銀本位制を敷いたため、やがて価格は安定した。また銀は工芸的に広く用いられたが、ヨーロッパではとくに食器としての銀器が尊重され、イギリスの銀器は美術的に名高い。インドでも古くから使用されており、中国では唐・宋(そう)のころすでに銀器や銀塊を取り扱う店があったことが知られている。これを金行に対して銀行とよんだが、銀貨が金貨にとってかわるようになって、ついには金融機関の名称になっている。また、金が太陽を象徴するのに対し、銀はその色から三日月と結び付き、月の女神として崇拝され、中世の錬金術でも尊ばれた。日本では古く朝鮮からもたらされていたが、産出の記録は金よりも古い。天武(てんむ)天皇の時代(在位673~686)に対馬(つしま)から銀を産したという記録(『日本書紀』)や和銅銀銭が試鋳されたという記録(『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』)がある。しかし、世界的な傾向と同じく、古代から中世にかけては金ほどには用いられなかった。室町時代に至って各地で銀山が開発され、その産額は急激に増大した。 [中原勝儼] 命名の由来銀の元素記号Agは、ラテン語の銀を意味するargentum(白いという意味のargosからきた語)からとったもので、フランス語のargentもラテン語に由来している。英語のsilverおよびドイツ語のSilberは、アッシリア語の銀を意味するsarpuからきたといわれる。 日本では古く白金(しろがね)とよんで五色(ごしき)の金(かね)(黄金(こがね)=金、白金=銀、赤金(あかがね)=銅、黒金(くろがね)=鉄、青金(あおがね)=鉛)の一つであった。『万葉集』中の山上憶良(やまのうえのおくら)の歌「銀(しろかね)も金(くがね)も玉も何せむに優れる宝子にしかめやも」にその例がみられる。 [中原勝儼] 存在元素存在度は小さく、その量は少ない。天然には自然銀として産するほか、主として硫化物の形で産出する。主要鉱物は輝銀鉱、脆銀鉱(ぜいぎんこう)、硫アンチモン銀鉱、硫ヒ銀鉱などで、そのほか角銀鉱もある。また銅、鉛、亜鉛などの鉱石には多少含有されており、これらの金属を精製するとき、副産物としてかなりの量が得られている。世界で産額が多いのは、メキシコ、ペルー、オーストラリア、アメリカ、中国で、これらで世界総生産額の大部分を占めている。 [中原勝儼] 製法含銀鉱石からの精錬には、金の場合と同じく、混汞法(こんこうほう)、シアン化法、乾式法などがあるが、混汞法はあまり用いられていない。 (1)シアン化法 自然銀、塩化銀、比較的純粋な硫化銀などが原料の場合に用いられる。一般に原料鉱石中に不純物が多く、採取率はそれほどよくはない(50~70%)。そのため、できるだけ細かく粉砕し、シアン化液の濃度を高め(0.3~0.5%)、十分攪拌(かくはん)して浸出時間を長くし、酸素を取り込んで収率をあげている(80~90%)。金に比べて精錬の費用がかかるので、独立した銀精錬が行われることは少なく、金とともに精錬している。 (2)乾式法 金の場合とまったく同じで、銅・鉛製錬の際、銅、鉛の鉱石に融剤として金鉱石のケイ酸塩を加えて製錬し、銅、鉛とともに取り出して最後に分離する。 [中原勝儼] 精製法以上のようにして得られた粗銀は、電解精錬によって精製する。銀電解法にはいくつかの方法があるが、いずれも電解液には硝酸を含む硝酸銀溶液を用いる。電極は正極・負極を交互につるす。その間に銀が樹枝状に発達して短絡することがあるので、それをかき落とす装置をつけ、電着銀の汚染を防ぐため、木綿またはモスリンの袋に入れて電解する。得られた銀を集め、融解して電気銀とする。純度は通常99.99%以上である。 [中原勝儼] 性質展性、延性は金に次いで大きく、厚さ0.0015ミリメートルの箔(はく)をつくれる。また1グラムの銀は1800メートルの線とすることができる。硬さ2.5~3。融解すると、空気中では多量の酸素を吸蔵し、凝固の際にこれを激しく放出する。熱、電気の伝導性は金属中最大(電気抵抗率1.59×10-6Ω・cm、熱伝導率0.998cal/cm・sec・deg〔20℃〕)。水および酸素に対して安定であるが、オゾンでは黒色の酸化銀AgOに、硫黄(いおう)や硫化水素で黒色の硫化銀Ag2Sになる。水素、窒素、二酸化炭素などとは高温でも反応しないが、ハロゲンには侵される。硝酸および熱硫酸に溶け、それぞれ硝酸銀、硫酸銀となる。アルカリには溶けないが、融解した水酸化ナトリウムには、空気の存在下で溶ける。通常の化合物での酸化数はⅠおよびⅡであり、Ⅲのものもある。 [中原勝儼] 用途電気、熱の良導体で、加工性、機械的性質のよいことを利用して、金属材料としての用途が広い。現在、世界総生産額の70%以上が工業用として使われており、残りが貨幣として用いられている。日本では写真工業用がもっとも多く、消費量の約3割を占める。また装飾品、工芸品、銀器などにも用いられる。純銀のままでは軟らかすぎるので、合金として用いることが多く、主として銅との合金が貨幣に用いられている。 [中原勝儼] 銀の文化史中国において、銀が金に次いで貴重な神仙薬といわれるように、銀は金に次いで、あるいはそれと並んで、人類文化史上、尊重されてきた。銀は、金同様、経済的なものより美意識上の価値が大きいが、また通貨の材料として、各種の装飾、装身具としての価値をもってきた。その光沢から、多くの言語において銀をさす用語は、「白く輝く金属」を意味する。銀はまた、純粋や無垢(むく)を象徴するとされ、カトリックの教会では宗教儀式の用具や鈴などが銀製である。そして、金と太陽とのつながりに対し、銀は月と結び付けて観念され、銀が月の影響の下に成長すると考えられた。銀と月との関連は、古代の近東世界を通じてすでに一般的であり、エジプトの月女神ハトールは銀の女神とされた。他方で太陽神ラーをはじめ神々の骨が銀でつくられているともいわれた。ギリシア神話において、金が太陽神アポロンに属するのに対して、銀は月の女神アルテミスに属するとされる。この女神は、白馬に引かれる銀の戦車に乗って夜空を駆け、銀の弓を引き、銀の光の矢を放つといわれる。そして中世ヨーロッパの錬金術師たちは、銀を月の女神ルナまたはディアナ(アルテミスのローマ名)とよび、弓張月を銀の象徴とした。彼らの間にあって銀は、金に対比され、神の精神に対する人間の精神、男性に対する女性を意味した。 ヨーロッパの俗信においても銀は月と結び付けられ、新月のときにポケットに銀貨を入れておくと、それが2倍となる幸運が語られる。また銀製の武器や弾丸は、鋼鉄のものより優れて超自然力をもち、けっして相手を殺し損なうことなく、それへの防御がないとされ、魔女などと戦う際にもっとも効果的と信じられていた。銀製の御守りが悪霊や魔術を防ぐのに力があるとの考えは各地にみられ、中国では銀製のロケットが悪霊除(よ)けのため身につけられる。中国南部から東南アジアにかけての山地民の間では、銀製の装身具がとくに好まれ、ことに女性の伝統的衣装を銀が飾りたてている。たとえばヤオ族の場合、上着の左右のあわせに四角形の銀板が用いられ、打掛様のものは、銀鋲(びょう)がちりばめられ、その間一面に刺しゅうの施されたきらびやかなものとなっている。さらに環状の耳飾り、ターバンの上に巻き付ける銀紐(ひも)、幾重もの首輪や耳輪、銀紐を編んでつくられた首飾りなどが身に着けられる。これらの銀製品は、装飾上、呪術(じゅじゅつ)上の効果をもち、装身具の形態やそこに彫刻される図案によって種族の特徴を標示するとともに、経済的に蓄財の機能をもっている。彼らの間では、金より銀に高い価値が置かれるという。古代エジプトにおいても、銀が希少性ゆえに金以上の価値をもっていたといわれる。銀の採鉱は、金同様にさまざまなタブーを伴うことがあり、鉱山を支配する神への祭儀もみられる。中国では、銀色の人や白衣の女性の消えた所に、銀の鉱山が発見されるとの伝承がある。 [田村克己] 貨幣としての銀銀は、すでに紀元前2000年ごろにエジプトやバビロニアで金とともに秤量(ひょうりょう)貨幣として用いられていたといわれるが、一定の形状、品位、量目などを定めた銀貨として初めて鋳造されたのは前7世紀ごろのギリシアにおいてであった。銀が貨幣として利用されるようになったのは、銀に、(1)少量で価値が高く、(2)価値が安定しており、(3)耐久性があり、(4)壊すことがむずかしく、(5)小さく分割することが可能で、(6)どの部分をとっても品質が均一で、(7)持ち運びに便利、といった経済的、技術的性質があるからである。しかし、銀貨が取引に広く用いられるようになったのは、13、14世紀に地中海貿易が盛んになってからのことである。 このように銀は古くから金と並んで貨幣として使われる場合が多く、複本位制度をとっている国々が支配的であった。シリング、ドル、フローリン、ポンドなどがすべて伝統的に銀貨に対して使われた称呼であるのは偶然ではない(ただしイギリスのポンドは、重量1ポンドの銀からスターリング銀貨240枚をつくった際に、その240枚を超える支払いにおける計算単位をポンド・スターリングとよんだことから出ているのであって、ポンドという銀貨がつくられたのではない)。しかし、一国の経済価値の単位の実質を、金銀2種の金属で規定する複本位制度では、かならず「悪貨は良貨を駆逐する」といういわゆるグレシャムの法則が働く不都合が生ずるので、複本位制度はいずれは単本位制度に移行すべき運命にあった。1816年に、当時世界経済において支配的地位を確立しつつあったイギリスが金本位制度を採用したことと、19世紀後半に各所に豊富な銀鉱が発見されて銀産出量が増加したり、精錬法に革新があって銀生産費が低下したりしたことのために、世界的に銀価が低落し金銀比価が上昇して、19世紀末までに諸国が相次いで銀本位を離れ、銀貨は補助貨幣になってしまった。最後まで銀本位国として残っていた中国も、1935年には金本位制度の一つである金為替(かわせ)本位制度に移行した。 日本では5世紀の末葉に朝鮮半島から銀塊が輸入されて貨幣として使用されたのが最初とされ、国内で銀貨が初めて鋳造されたのは8世紀の初め(和銅(わどう)年間)であった。しかし銀貨が本格的に流通しだしたのは1601年(慶長6)伏見(ふしみ)に銀座ができて丁銀(ちょうぎん)を鋳造してからである。丁銀は重さがほぼ40匁と重さの一定しない秤量貨幣で、何枚包みとして一定の量目に包み、不足分は豆板銀で補って使われた。元禄(げんろく)(1688~1704)以後しばしば改鋳によって品位はしだいに劣悪となり、銀60匁が金1両に相当するものとされていたのに、慶応(けいおう)年間(1865~1868)には100匁以上となるぐらいに金銀比価は上昇していた。江戸時代の三貨制度が行われていた時期には、銀貨は金貨や銅貨とともに本位貨幣であった。明治に入って1871年(明治4)には金本位制度を柱とする新貨条例が制定されたが、実際には貿易銀(1ドル銀貨と等価値の1円銀貨)を本位貨幣とするものであり、1885年から発行されるようになった日本銀行の兌換(だかん)銀行券も、銀貨兌換によるものであった。日本が名実ともに金本位制度となったのは、1897年の貨幣法制定以後であり、このときから銀貨は補助貨幣となった。 [堀家文吉郎] 『山本博信編著『貴金属のはなし』(1992・技報堂出版)』▽『三上隆三著『貨幣の誕生――皇朝銭の博物誌』(1998・朝日新聞社)』▽『滝沢武雄・西脇康編『日本史小百科 貨幣』(1999・東京堂出版)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [補完資料] |©Shogakukan"> 周期表 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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