Record - Record

In a broad sense, anything that is written down can be called a record, but when it is limited to written historical materials in Japanese history, records refer to those written by individuals or specific institutions for memorandum, as opposed to literary works or compilations (hensanbutsu) that are intended to be read by an unspecified number of people, or documents (monjo) that are written to convey one's intentions to others. Records are primarily diaries that record daily events, or hinamiki, but for special events, records that record the details of the event separately in addition to the hinamiki, and even category records that classify and edit the contents of the hinamiki and hinamiki by subject, are also included in the category of records. In other words, in the narrow sense, record is used synonymously with diary. Diaries can be broadly divided into public diaries and private diaries. As for official diaries, the Personnel Order of the Yoro Code stipulated that the Naiki of the Ministry of Central Affairs was in charge of the "Imperial Palace Records," and other well-known diaries include the Gaki Nikki, recorded by the Geki of the Daijokan, and the Tenjo Nikki, written by the Kurodo on duty as part of their official duties. However, up until the Edo period, many other official diaries appeared, including the Oyudono no Ue Nikki, Kinriban Shujo Nikki, Kinri Tsugitsumesho Nikki, Inchuban Shusho Nikki, Sento Imperial Palace Tsukitsume Nikki, and Girou Nichian. On the other hand, the oldest private diaries known to date include the Iki no Muraji Hakatoko no Fumi and Naniwa no Kishiohito no Sho, which are cited in the Saimei chapter of the Nihon Shoki and record the travels of envoys to the Tang Dynasty, as well as the Ato no Chitoku no Nikki, Tsukinomura Jiou-mi no Nikki, and Wanibe no Omikimite-ki, which are diaries about the Jinshin War and are cited in the Shaku Nihongi. Additionally, from the Nara period, a diary written in the Guchu-reki for 746 (Tenpyo 18) has been preserved among the documents of the Shoso-in Repository. However, especially from the 10th century onwards, as the etiquette for court ceremonies gradually took shape, many private diaries were written by court nobles in order to pass on these ceremonies to their descendants. In addition, copying and keeping the diaries of predecessors as the basis for ceremonies was considered one of the important duties of the nobles, so inevitably many copies of diaries were made, or diaries were compiled by classifying the entries by ceremony, or excerpts of necessary entries were made. The fact that many diaries have been passed down to the present day in the form of copies or excerpts is largely due to the significance that diaries played in the society of the nobles. Although the contents of private diaries vary depending on the status and position of the writer, the purpose of writing a diary was, more or less, to accurately record the ceremonial etiquette of the Imperial Court in preparation for the future, so diaries are the most important documentary historical material for accurately understanding the historical facts of the society of the nobles and the Imperial Court. Diaries from ancient and medieval times have been published in large numbers, collected in such books as "Shiryo Taisei," "Dai Nihon Kokiroku," and "Shiryo Sanshu," but the vast number of diaries from the Edo period are almost all unpublished.

[Yoshioka Masayuki]

"An Outline of Diary Literature" by Tamai Kosuke (1982, Kokusho Kankokai)" ▽ "Records" by Tayama Nobuo (included in "Iwanami Lecture Series on Japanese History 17", 1935, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Annotations of Historical Documents" by Takahashi Ryuzo (1938, Yuzankaku, Great Japanese History Lecture Series)" ▽ "Studies on Ancient Records" edited by the Publication Committee for Essays in Commemoration of Takahashi Ryuzo's 77th Birthday (1970, Zoku Gunsho Ruiju Kanseikai)" ▽ "Studies on Heian Aristocratic Society" by Hashimoto Yoshihiko (1976, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" ▽ "Cultural Assets Lecture Series: Japanese Art 16, Ancient Documents" (1979, Daiichi Hoki Publishing)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

広い意味では、物事を書き記したものはすべて記録といえるが、とくに日本史の文献史料に限定すれば、不特定多数の読者をあらかじめ想定している著作物・編纂物(へんさんぶつ)や、相手に意志を伝達するために書く文書(もんじょ)に対して、個人もしくは特定の機関が備忘のために書くものを記録と称する。その中心となるのは、日々のできごとを毎日記してゆく日記、すなわち日次記(ひなみき)であるが、特別な行事の際に、日次記のほかに行事の次第を別に詳しく記録した別記、さらには日次記・別記をもとに、その記載内容を事項別に分類・編集した部類記も記録のなかに含まれる。すなわち記録とは、狭い意味では日記と同義に用いられる語である。日記は、公的な日記と私日記に大別できる。公的な日記としては、『養老令(ようろうりょう)』の職員(しきいん)令に、中務(なかつかさ)省の内記が「御所記録」をつかさどると規定されているのをはじめ、太政官(だいじょうかん)の外記(げき)が記録する外記日記、当番の蔵人(くろうど)が職掌として書きとどめる殿上(てんじょう)日記などが古くより知られるが、そのほか江戸時代に至るまで、『御湯殿上(おゆどののうえ)日記』『禁裏番衆所(きんりばんしゅうじょ)日記』『禁裏執次詰所(きんりとりつぎつめしょ)日記』『院中番衆所日記』『仙洞(せんとう)御所詰所日記』『議奏日次案』など多くの公的な日記が現れた。一方、私日記は、『日本書紀』斉明(さいめい)紀などに引かれ、遣唐使の往還に関して記録した『伊吉連博徳書(いきのむらじはかとこのふみ)』『難波吉士男人(なにわのきしおひと)書』、また『釈日本紀』所引の、壬申(じんしん)の乱に関する日記である『安斗智徳(あとのちとこ)日記』『調連淡海(つきのむらじおうみ)日記』『和邇部臣君手(わにべのおみきみて)記』などが現在知られるもっとも古いものであり、また奈良時代には746年（天平18）の具注暦(ぐちゅうれき)に書き込まれた日記が正倉院文書のなかに伝わっているが、とくに10世紀以後、宮廷の儀式の作法がしだいに形成されるに伴い、それら儀礼を子孫に伝える必要上、公家(くげ)の私日記が数多く書かれるようになった。また儀式典礼の典拠とするために先人の日記を書写し、所持しておくことは公家の重要な任務の一つとされたから、必然的に多数の日記の写本がつくられ、あるいは儀式ごとに日記の記事を分類して編集した部類記、日記中の必要な記事を抜き出した抄出本も作成された。今日まで多くの日記が写本や抄出本などの形で伝来しえたのは、公家社会において日記が担ったこのような意義に負うところが少なくない。私日記の記載内容は、記主の身分や地位によって異なるものの、日記を書く目的は多かれ少なかれ朝廷の儀式作法を正確に記録して将来に備えるところにあったから、公家社会や宮廷に関する歴史的事実を的確に把握するためには、日記はもっとも重要な文献史料となる。古代・中世の日記は『史料大成』『大日本古記録』『史料纂集』などに収められて、かなり多くのものが刊行されているが、江戸時代の膨大な数に上る日記はほとんど未刊の状態である。

［吉岡眞之］

『玉井幸助著『日記文学概説』（1982・国書刊行会）』▽『田山信郎著『記録』（『岩波講座　日本歴史17』所収・1935・岩波書店）』▽『高橋隆三著『史籍解題』（1938・雄山閣・大日本史講座）』▽『高橋隆三先生喜寿記念論集刊行会編『古記録の研究』（1970・続群書類従完成会）』▽『橋本義彦著『平安貴族社会の研究』（1976・吉川弘文館）』▽『『文化財講座　日本の美術16　古文書』（1979・第一法規出版）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例