A division of the transportation machinery industry. It is a comprehensive assembly industry that generally requires large capital and a large site, and is easy to locate near consumer areas where related industries are developed. It is characterized by mass production through assembly line work and division of labor. The related parts industry is widespread, centered around chassis manufacturers, and is called a "wide-reaching industry" and has the character of reflecting the industrial technology level of a country. The history of the automobile industry is long in Western Europe, starting in France and Germany in the 1860s, and in the UK and the US, it was a little later, in the 1900s, but it grew rapidly in the US. In Japan, the industry was industrialized around the time of World War I, but it did not develop in earnest until after World War II, and by 1980, Japan had surpassed the US to take the top spot due to its high technological capabilities, thoroughly rationalized production system, and affiliated parts industry and sales. However, at the same time, the rapid increase in Japanese car exports caused so-called trade friction with countries such as the US, Europe, Canada, and Australia. Since 1981, voluntary and policy-based restrictive measures have been put in place, particularly with regard to the number of vehicles exported to the United States and Europe. In recent years, the automobile industry has seen intensifying international competition among manufacturers from various countries while at the same time advancing international alliances, leading to the formation of a complex international market that combines competition and cooperation. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
輸送用機械工業の一部門。総合的な組立て工業で一般に大資本・広大な敷地などを必要とし,関連工業の発達する消費地近くに立地しやすく,流れ作業と分業による大量生産を特徴とする。シャシメーカーを中心にして,関連部品工業は広範囲にわたり,「裾野の広い産業」といわれ,一国の工業技術水準を反映する性格をもっている。自動車産業の歴史は西ヨーロッパが古く,フランス,ドイツなどでは 1860年代に始り,イギリス,アメリカはやや遅れて 1900年代に入ってからであるが,アメリカで急速な成長を遂げた。日本では第1次世界大戦前後から工業化されたが,本格的に発達したのは第2次世界大戦後で,高い技術力,徹底した合理化をはかった生産システム,関連部品工業や販売における系列化などにより,1980年にはアメリカを抜いてトップの座についた。しかし,同時に日本車の輸出急増によりアメリカ,ヨーロッパ,カナダ,オーストラリアなどの国々との間にいわゆる貿易摩擦を引起した。 81年以降,特にアメリカ,ヨーロッパに対しては輸出台数などにつき自主的,政策的な規制措置が講じられることになった。近年,自動車産業は各国メーカー間で国際的な競争が激化するとともに国際的な提携も進んでおり,競争と協調による複雑な国際化市場を形成しつつある。
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