Abbreviation for "fish-shaped torpedo". A weapon that propels itself underwater and attacks ships on or underwater. It is launched (dropped) from ships and aircraft. When launched from a ship, it is launched by air pressure from a torpedo tube on the deck, and travels at high speed at a set depth using an engine or electric motor as propulsion, hitting the target ship or exploding close to it, causing fatal damage. There are short torpedoes used for anti-submarine attacks and long torpedoes for attacking surface ships, but the short torpedoes are the more widely produced today. The first torpedo in history, the Whitehead fish-shaped torpedo, completed in 1866 by British Robert Whitehead (1823-1905) in cooperation with Captain Giovanni Luppis of the Austrian Navy, weighed 136 kilograms, had a diameter of 35.5 centimeters, carried 8 kilograms of explosive, and was powered by compressed air, running about 600 meters at a speed of 6 knots. Later, with improvements to the propulsion system, by the time of the Russo-Japanese War, it had a speed of 30 knots, a range of 4,000 meters, and a charge of several tens of kilograms. By the time of World War I, its capabilities had been improved to 35 knots, a range of 6,000 meters, and a charge of 150 kilograms. The development of torpedoes brought about a major change in naval battles, which were dominated by gun battles, and attempts to use small ships equipped with torpedoes to counter battleship fleets began to emerge, mainly in the French and Russian navies. This led to the emergence of a new type of ship called the torpedo boat, but on the other hand, to protect capital ships from attacks by torpedo boats, (torpedo boat) destroyers were born, and this established the form of modern naval battles and fleets. Torpedoes developed significantly during World War II, and in particular the Type 93 torpedo (for surface ships) and Type 95 torpedo (for submarines) used by the Japanese Navy were capable of self-propelling at a speed of 49 knots with a range of 22,000 meters and at a speed of 36 knots with a range of 40,000 meters, respectively, surpassing the torpedoes of other countries in terms of performance. After the war, anti-submarine warfare became the Navy's main task, and torpedoes for attacking submarines came to dominate, and diving depth became more of an issue than traversal ability. The latest torpedoes are said to be capable of attacking submarines several hundred meters below the surface. The MK48 torpedo, developed by the US Navy in 1976, is a homing type that is guided for most of the distance to the target by a direction signal sent from the launching submarine via a wire, and approaches the target while changing the attack target and search method along the way, and this became the model for subsequent torpedoes. Guidance methods include wired command methods that receive information via wire, as well as automatic tracking methods using sonic and ultrasonic guidance, which have become the mainstream in recent years. Explosive fuses are classified into impact and induction types, the former of which explode when activated by the impact of the hit, and the latter of which explode when it senses the magnetism of a nearby target ship. Until the 1960s, most of the torpedoes used by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force were supplied by the U.S. Navy, but domestically produced torpedoes eventually began to appear, and since the 1980s, the Type 89 long torpedo and the Type 97 short torpedo have been developed. In addition, the ASROC Anti Submarine ROCket, which combines a torpedo and a rocket, and a type that fires high-speed homing torpedoes from the vertical launch system (VLS) of Aegis ships are also in service. [Tetsuo Maeda] [References] | | | |©Shogakukan "> Structure of oxygen torpedo ©Shogakukan "> How wire-guided torpedoes work Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
魚形水雷の略称。水中を自走し水上または水中の艦船を攻撃する兵器。艦艇や航空機から発射(投下)される。艦艇からの場合、甲板の魚雷発射管から空気圧で発射されると、エンジンまたは電動モーターを推進力として調定深度を高速で航走、目標艦に命中もしくは至近位置で爆発して致命的な損害を与える。対潜攻撃に使われる短魚雷と水上艦を攻撃する長魚雷とがあるが、現在多く生産されているのは短魚雷のほうである。1866年にイギリス人ホワイトヘッドRobert Whitehead(1823―1905)がオーストリア海軍のルピスGiovanni Luppis大佐と協力して完成した史上初の魚雷、ホワイトヘッド式魚形水雷は、自重136キログラム、直径35.5センチメートル、炸薬(さくやく)量8キログラム、圧搾空気を動力に速力6ノットで約600メートル走った。その後推進機関の改良によって日露戦争のころには速力30ノット、射程4000メートル、炸薬量数十キログラム。第一次世界大戦時には速力35ノット、射程6000メートル、炸薬量150キログラムに能力を向上させた。 魚雷が開発されたことにより、砲戦主体の海戦に大きな異変を生じ、魚雷を装備した小艦艇で戦艦艦隊に対抗しようとする試みがフランスやロシア海軍を中心に芽生えた。こうして出現したのが水雷艇とよばれる新艦種だが、一方水雷艇の襲撃から主力艦を守るために(水雷艇)駆逐艦が生まれ、ここに近代海戦と艦隊の型が確立された。第二次世界大戦で魚雷は著しく発達し、とくに日本海軍が使った九三式魚雷(水上艦用)、九五式魚雷(潜水艦用)はそれぞれ速力49ノット・射程2万2000メートル、速力36ノット・射程4万メートルの自走能力を有し、各国の魚雷を性能的に圧倒した。 戦後、対潜戦闘が海軍の主任務となったのに伴って、魚雷も潜水艦攻撃に使う型が主流を占めるようになり、馳走能力より潜水深度が問題とされることになった。最新の魚雷は水面下数百メートルの潜水艦を攻撃可能といわれる。アメリカ海軍が1976年に開発したMK48魚雷は、目標までの大部分の距離を発射潜水艦からワイヤーを通じて送られる方位信号により誘導され、途中で攻撃目標や捜索方法を変更しながら接近していくホーミング方式で、以後のモデルになった。誘導方法は、ワイヤーから情報を受ける有線指令方式のほか、音波・超音波誘導による自動追尾型があり、近年これが主流になっている。爆発信管には着発式と感応式とがあり、前者は命中衝撃により信管が作動して爆発、後者は近接目標艦の磁気に感応して爆発する。海上自衛隊の魚雷は1960年代までアメリカ海軍制式の供与が主流を占めていたが、やがて国産魚雷が登場するようになり、1980年代以降は89式長魚雷、97式短魚雷が開発された。また魚雷とロケットを組み合わせたアスロックAnti Submarine ROCketやイージス艦の垂直発射機(VLS)から高速ホーミング魚雷をうち出すタイプなどが就役している。 [前田哲男] [参照項目] | | | |©Shogakukan"> 酸素魚雷の構造 ©Shogakukan"> 有線誘導魚雷の作動要領 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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