Selection - quán xuǎn (English)

Japanese: 銓選 - せんせん（英語表記）quán xuǎn

A system of selection for officials implemented in China from the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Qing dynasty. An abbreviation of "Kenkyosenyo." Before the imperial examination system, being appointed to an official position meant taking up actual duties, but after the Sui and Tang dynasties, those who passed the imperial examinations (the Jinshi after the Song dynasty) were merely qualified bureaucrats, except for a few at the highest ranks, and all of them could only obtain official positions after passing a selection process by the civil service. During the Tang dynasty, the selection process involved a test of personal and written approval, and because of the interference of the privileged aristocrats who made the civil service their stronghold, it was difficult for those who passed the imperial examinations from lower classes to obtain official positions. After the Song dynasty, the selection process was used to appoint new officers and to periodically transfer tens of thousands of officials, and ensuring its smooth operation became an important responsibility of the emperor.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

中国において隋･唐から清朝までの間に実施された官員選考制度。銓衡選用の略。科挙制度以前では，官に登用されることは実際の職務につくことを意味したが，隋･唐以後の科挙合格者(宋以後の進士)は，最高位の数人を除き，単に官僚の有資格者にすぎず，すべて吏部の銓選を経て始めて官職が得られた。唐代の銓選は，身言書判の試験を伴い，吏部を牙城とした特権貴族の妨害で，下層出身の科挙合格者は官職を手に入れにくかった。宋以後，銓選は新進士の任用と，数万の官員の定期的人事異動を兼ね，その円滑な運用が皇帝の重要な責務となった。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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