Kamakura Guard

The guards of the various gates of the Kamakura Shogunate (the Shogun's palace). They were called the Kamakura Oobanyaku or Samurai-dokoro, or Samurai-dokoro Daiban or Samurai Daiban, as they served under the supervision of the Samurai-dokoro betto and shoshi. They are thought to have existed since the establishment of the Shogunate, but their first appearance in historical documents was in 1223 (Joō 2), and they were not established as a system until around 1225 (Karoku 1), after the Jōkyū War, when the Obanyaku were established. Unlike the Obanyaku, only vassals from Totomi and 15 other eastern provinces served, and the period of service was short, with replacements every one or two months. Similar to the Kamakura Banyaku were the Gosho-nai banyaku, such as the Kinjuban and Hisashiban, which were guards within the Shogun's palace, but these were served by Kamakura vassals under the supervision of the Kosamidokoro.

[Yasunori Koyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

鎌倉幕府（将軍の御所）の諸門の警固役。鎌倉大(おお)番役、あるいは侍所(さむらいどころ)に詰めて侍所別当(べっとう)・所司(しょし)の統轄下に勤番したので侍所大番、侍大番ともいう。幕府成立の当初より存在したと思われるが、史料上の初見は1223年（貞応2）で、制度として確立したのは、大番役が整備された承久(じょうきゅう)の乱後の1225年（嘉禄1）ごろである。大番役とは異なり、遠江(とおとうみ)以下東国15か国の御家人(ごけにん)のみが勤仕し、期間も短く1か月ないし2か月で交替した。なお鎌倉番役に類似したものに近習(きんじゅう)番、廂(ひさし)番などの将軍の御所内の宿衛にあたる御所内番役があるが、これは在鎌倉御家人が小侍所の統轄下に勤仕した。

［小山靖憲］

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