Culture and Anarchy

Japanese: 教養と無秩序 - きょうようとむちつじょ（英語表記）Culture and Anarchy

This is a masterpiece of social commentary by British poet and critic Matthew Arnold. It was published in 1869. It was serialized in the Cornhill Magazine from July 1867 to September of the following year, but the introduction and the first chapter are a summary of "Culture and its Enemies," Arnold's final lecture as professor of poetry at Oxford University. It was written with the intention of using culture to save the "disorder" brought about by low-level liberalism, which emerged as a negative aspect of the rise of the middle class during the Industrial Revolution. According to Arnold, culture is the "pursuit of perfection" by humans, which is brought about by the synthesis of the Hellenistic aspect, which "makes intelligent people more intelligent," and the Hebraic aspect, which "makes reason and the will of God come true in the world." Ideally, this should eventually permeate all members of society, and to achieve this, education is essential not only for the elite, but also for the lower middle class, and the state, which is the crystallization of the people's "best selves," is considered to be the institution that will be in charge of this and provide strong guidance and control.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

イギリスの詩人，批評家マシュー・アーノルドの社会評論中の代表作。 1869年刊。 67年7月から翌年9月にかけて『コーンヒル・マガジン』に連載されたが，序論と第1章はオックスフォード大学詩学教授の最終講義「教養とその敵」をまとめたものである。産業革命による中産階級勃興の一消極面として現れた低次元の自由主義のもたらす「無秩序」を culture (教養＝文化) によって救おうという意図で書かれたもの。アーノルドによれば，教養とは人間による「完全の追求」であり，それは「知的な人間をより知的にする」ヘレニズム的側面と「道理と神の意志を世に行わしめる」ヘブライズム的側面との総合によってもたらされるが，これはやがて社会の全成員に浸透するのが理想であり，そのためには単にエリートの教育のみならず下層中産階級のそれが肝要となり，これを担当し指導統制を強力に行う機関として国民の「最善の自己」の結晶たる国家が考えられるのである。

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