Takayama Temple

This is an independent Shingon Buddhist temple located in Toganoo-cho, Umegahata, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City. Its mountain name is Toganoo-san. It was founded in 774 (5th year of the Hokke era) at the request of Emperor Konin. During the Jogan era (859-877), Hosshobo Son'i of Enryaku-ji Temple, who later became the 13th head priest of Tendai and is said to have appeased the vengeful spirit of Sugawara no Michizane, is said to have trained at this temple and gained spiritual powers. In 1206 (Ken'ei 1), by imperial decree of the retired Emperor Gotoba, Myoe Shonin Takaben was given this temple, and the temple was named Takao-ji Temple based on the imperial plaque that read "The Temple of Takao-san, the First Sunrise." He restored the temple buildings and pagodas. The retired emperor then moved Sekisui-in, a branch shrine in Kamo, here, and gradually the number of branch temples and monks' quarters increased, and the temple flourished. For this reason, Myoe was named the temple's founder. As Myoe was a master of Kegon Buddhism, the temple was a place where both Kegon and Shingon Buddhism teachings were held at the time, but in the early modern period it became a training center exclusively for Shingon Buddhism. During the Jokyu War in 1221 (Jokyu 3), many soldiers of the nobles fled into the mountains, and Myoe Shonin was implicated and captured by the soldiers of Hojo Yasutoki. However, Myoe Shonin persuaded Yasutoki to stop the violence by explaining the importance of selflessness and calmness. The temple was burned down during the Onin War (1467-77), but was rebuilt after the Oda, Toyotomi, and Tokugawa clans each donated land to the temple.

It was damaged during the Meiji Restoration, but was later rebuilt, and today the temple grounds are home to Sekisui-in (a national treasure), the main hall, the Kaisan-do Hall, and other buildings. Sekisui-in (Gosho-do) is the only building from the early Kamakura period, when the temple was restored, and although it is built in the irimoya-zukuri style, it is a complex piece of architecture that incorporates some of the styles of Kasuga and Sumiyoshi shrine buildings. The stone Hokyointo and Nyohokyoto pagodas on the grounds of the Kaisan-byo temple are designated Important National Cultural Properties, and the temple's treasures, four scrolls of Choju Jinbutsu Giga, a portrait of Butsugan Buddha, six scrolls of Kegon Soshi Eden, and a statue of Myoe Shonin, are all National Treasures. In addition, there are many other Important National Cultural Properties, including paintings, ancient scriptures, ancient documents, and calligraphy. In 1994, it was registered as a World Heritage Site (Kyoto's cultural assets include 17 shrines, temples, and castles, including Kiyomizu-dera Temple). The tea garden on Mount Toganoo is said to be where Myoe Shonin first planted tea, which was a gift from Eisai, and tea is offered in front of the shonin's mausoleum on November 8th.

[Akiko Sobue]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

京都市右京区梅ヶ畑栂尾(とがのお)町にある真言宗(しんごんしゅう)系の単立寺院。山号は栂尾山。774年（宝亀5）に光仁(こうにん)天皇の勅願によって開創。貞観(じょうがん)年間（859～877）、のちに13代天台座主(ざす)となり、また菅原道真(すがわらのみちざね)の怨霊(おんりょう)を鎮めたといわれる延暦寺(えんりゃくじ)の法性房尊意(ほっしょうぼうそんい)が当山で修行し、法力を得たと伝える。1206年（建永1）後鳥羽(ごとば)上皇の院宣により明恵上人(みょうえしょうにん)高弁は当寺を賜り、「日出先照高山之寺」の勅額より寺号を高山寺と称し、堂塔を復興した。さらに上皇は加茂(かも)の別宮石水院(せきすいいん)をここに移し、しだいに末院、坊舎なども増加し、寺運隆盛に向かった。このため明恵上人を中興開山とする。明恵上人は華厳(けごん)の大家であったので、当時は華厳宗の教学と真言宗の教学を兼ねた寺であったが、近世以後は真言宗専修の道場となった。1221年（承久3）の承久(じょうきゅう)の乱のとき、公家(くげ)方の将兵が大ぜい山中に逃れたので、明恵上人もこれに連座して北条泰時(やすとき)の兵に捕らえられたが、上人は泰時に無欲恬淡(てんたん)を説いて乱暴をやめさせたという。応仁(おうにん)の乱（1467～77）で焼失したが、織田、豊臣(とよとみ)、徳川の3氏がそれぞれ寺領を寄進し再興した。

　明治維新のときにも罹災(りさい)したがその後復興し、現在は境内に石水院（国宝）、金堂、開山堂などが建つ。石水院（五所堂）は鎌倉初期、中興当時の唯一の建物で、入母屋造(いりもやづくり)であるが、一部に春日(かすが)・住吉(すみよし)の社殿様式を取り入れた複雑な建築である。開山廟(びょう)域内の石造宝篋印塔(ほうきょういんとう)・如法(にょほう)経塔は国重要文化財で、寺宝の鳥獣人物戯画4巻、仏眼仏母画像、華厳宗祖師絵伝6巻、明恵上人像は国宝。そのほか、絵画、古経典、古文書、墨蹟(ぼくせき)などの国重要文化財は数多い。1994年（平成6）、世界遺産の文化遺産として登録された（世界文化遺産。京都の文化財は清水寺など17社寺・城が一括登録されている）。栂尾山にある茶園は、明恵上人が栄西(えいさい)から贈られた茶を初めて植えた所といわれ、11月8日には上人の廟前に茶を献供する。

［祖父江章子］

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