Solidification

Japanese: 凝固 - ぎょうこ(英語表記)solidification
Solidification

(1) The change of a substance from a liquid or gaseous state to a solid state; it is the reverse phenomenon of melting. Freezing from a gaseous state is sometimes called sublimation. When a molten liquid is cooled at constant pressure and solidifies, the temperature remains constant throughout. This temperature is called the freezing point, and for a pure substance, it corresponds to the temperature at which melting begins, i.e., the melting point. Under constant pressure, each pure substance has a specific freezing temperature. As is well known from freezing-point depression measurements, when a liquid is cooled, the temperature may temporarily drop below the freezing point as it begins to solidify, a phenomenon known as supercooling.

Heat of solidification The amount of heat released when a substance solidifies is called the heat of solidification. The value of the heat of solidification is equal to the value of the heat of fusion, but has the opposite sign, and is also a characteristic constant for pure substances. In chemistry, the heat of solidification is often called the heat of fusion even if it is measured using the cooling method. In general, the freezing point increases when pressure is increased, but the freezing point decreases for substances such as water, whose volume increases when solidifying.

Some amorphous substances such as glass and some polymeric substances do not show a clear freezing point (this is called softening and is distinguished from solidification). In particular, liquid crystals and the like show gradual freezing and melting phenomena, which are attracting attention from both theoretical and applied standpoints.


(2) The phenomenon in which particles (mainly colloids) dispersed in a liquid or gas gather together to form larger particles is also called coagulation. In other words, it is also used synonymously with coagulation of a sol. When blood, which is fluid inside a living body, is exposed to a living body, the fibrinogen in the plasma becomes fibrin, becomes insoluble, and forms a blood clot. This is called blood clotting.

[Toshihisa Yoshida]

[References] | Liquid crystal | Liquid | Supercooling | Gas | Coagulation | Freezing point depression | Blood coagulation | Solid | Sublimation | Melting | Melting point
Cooling curve of a material
©Shogakukan ">

Cooling curve of a material


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

(1)物質が液体あるいは気体状態から固体状態に変化することで、融解の逆の現象である。気体状態からの凝固は昇華ということもある。融解している液体が一定圧力で冷却されて凝固するとき、始まりから終わりまで温度が一定に保たれる。この温度は凝固点とよばれ、純物質では融解の始まる温度すなわち融点と一致する。一定圧力のもとでは純物質はそれぞれ特定の凝固温度を示す。凝固点降下測定でよく知られるように、液体を冷却する際、凝固を始めるときに温度が一時的に凝固点より低下して過冷却の現象を示すことがある。

凝固熱
物質が凝固するとき放出する熱量を凝固熱という。凝固熱の値は融解熱の値と等しいが符号が反対であり、純物質では特有の定数でもある。化学では凝固熱は冷却法で測定しても融解熱といわれることが多い。一般には圧力を増加すると凝固点は高くなるが、水のように凝固の際に体積が増加する物質では凝固点は下がる。

 ガラスのような無定形物質とか、ある種の高分子物質では、明確な凝固点を示さないものもある(これは軟化といって凝固とは区別される)。とくに液晶などでは段階的な凝固、融解現象もみられ、理論、応用の両面から注目されている。


(2)液体または気体中に分散している粒子(おもにコロイドなど)が集合して大きな粒子となる現象を凝固ということもある。すなわち、ゾルの凝結coagulationと同義にも用いられる。生体内で流動的な血液が、生体外で血漿(けっしょう)中のフィブリノゲンがフィブリンになり不溶化して血餅(けっぺい)になる。これを血液の凝固という。

[吉田俊久]

[参照項目] | 液晶 | 液体 | 過冷却 | 気体 | 凝結 | 凝固点降下 | 血液凝固 | 固体 | 昇華 | 融解 | 融点
物質の冷却曲線
©Shogakukan">

物質の冷却曲線


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