A political system implemented in two stages during the French Revolution. (1) First Reign of Terror: From August 10 to September 20, 1792, 3,000 suspected counter-revolutionaries were arrested in Paris. Instigated by the patriot J. Marat, a decision was made to wipe out the conspirators and suspected counter-revolutionaries on August 10, which manifested itself as the September Massacres. This incident ended with the convening of the National Convention and the victory at the Battle of Barmy. (2) Second Reign of Terror: This refers to the revolutionary terrorism that supported the French Revolutionary government from May 1 to June 2, 1793, when the Girondists were expelled, to July 27, 1794, when the Thermidor Reaction occurred. In particular, it was implemented by the National Convention from September 5, 1793, to fight all enemies of the state. The Mountain faction, which held power during this time, was a bourgeoisie faction that sought to ally itself with the sans-culottes, and was a minority force, so they needed the Reign of Terror to carry out their dictatorship. The Law on Suspects of Counter-Revolutionary Action was enacted, and at least 300,000 people were arrested, of which 17,000 were executed by guillotine, and many others died in prison or without trial. It also extended to economic issues (a controlled economy as exemplified by the "Maximum Prices Law"), while the "De-Christianization Movement" was promoted. However, the intensification of the Reign of Terror alienated the sans-culottes and contributed to the Thermidorean Reaction. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
フランス革命期に2次にわたって実施された政治体制。 (1) 第1次恐怖政治 1792年8月 10日~9月 20日パリで 3000人の反革命容疑者が逮捕され,愛国派 J.マラーに扇動されて,8月 10日の陰謀者や反革命容疑者を一掃することを決定,それが九月虐殺となって現れた。この事件は国民公会の招集とバルミーの戦いの勝利によって終了。 (2) 第2次恐怖政治 93年5月1日~6月2日のジロンド派追放から 94年7月 27日のテルミドール反動まで,フランス革命政府の支柱となった革命的テロリズムをいう。とりわけ,93年9月5日から国家のすべての敵と戦うために国民公会によって実行された。この間政権を握っていた山岳派はサン=キュロットと同盟しようとするブルジョアジーの党派で,勢力としては少数派であり,その独裁遂行のために恐怖政治を必要とした。反革命容疑者法が制定され,少くとも 30万人が逮捕され,そのうち1万 7000人がギロチンにかけられて処刑され,そのほか多数が獄死したり裁判なしで殺された。それはまた経済問題 (「最高価格法」に示される統制経済) にも及び,他方「非キリスト教化運動」も推進された。しかし恐怖政治の激化はサン=キュロットを離反させ,テルミドール反動の一因をつくるにいたった。
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