Tabi socks are worn on the feet for appearance and to keep warm when wearing Japanese clothing. They consist of a top and a sole, and the top is divided at the tip into an inner top (also called one) for the big toe and an outer top (four) for the other four toes, and cover the ankle. The toe gap was made to accommodate footwear with thongs. Until the mid-Meiji period, tabi socks were generally fastened around the ankle with string, but after that, only kohaze-kake socks were used. The kohaze are made of brass, and one to seven pieces are attached depending on the length of the tube above the ankle. Usually, there are three to four pieces, but for dance, long ones with five to seven pieces are suitable. This is because the bare skin is not visible, and the kimono can be worn short, making it easier to move the hem. Tabi socks with one kohaze are seen on the purple satin tabi worn by theater performers. Tabi size is measured from the tip of the toe to the edge of the heel, and expressed in mon. Monjaku (mongijaku) was created based on the diameter of a one-mon coin from the Kan'ei period, with one mon being a whale shaku of 6 bu 4 rin (2.42 centimeters), with fractions of 3 bu, 5 bu (called han), and 7 bu. Recently, size has been expressed in centimeters. The outer material of tabi is often calico, but there is also broadcloth, satin, nylon, and high-quality habutae. For formal wear, both men and women wear white. For everyday wear, white is also common for women, but until the beginning of the Showa era, colored velvet, which does not show dirt easily, was preferred. For men, navy calico and black satin are used for everyday wear. For fashionable wear and for those involved in the entertainment industry, colored tabi and patterned (small pattern, striped) tabi are made. Plain-woven cotton is generally used for the lining, and flannel is used for protection against the cold. Tabi soles are white or navy made of Unsai weave (a coarse, durable cotton fabric woven with ridge stitching), and until the beginning of the Showa era, Ishizoko weave (a thick, coarse, durable cotton fabric) was used as it was particularly durable. Tabi are usually lined, but there are also single-layered ones available for summer use. Tabi socks should fit snugly around the feet and not have any wrinkles or looseness. Nowadays, ready-made tabi are in their heyday, and Gyoda City in Saitama Prefecture is a representative tabi production area, but up until the Meiji period, they were also made in-house, cut using tabi molds and handmade. Today, only a few long-established stores remain that manufacture made-to-order tabi upon customer orders. Tabi-related products include covers to protect against dirt and rain, and tabi socks to keep out the cold, which are commercially available and made from nylon tricot, woolly nylon, wool or synthetic pile, vinyl, etc. [Kazuko Okano] historyTabi socks were originally made from leather, hence the name "single leather". Deerskin was often used, and the shape was similar to today's tabi socks, with no split toe. Tanned leather tabi socks were first used outdoors, such as on the battlefield or while traveling, but gradually came to be used indoors to keep warm. At the end of the Kamakura period, tabi socks with split toes were developed, which were convenient for wearing with zori or straw sandals. According to the "Sōgodaisōshi", restrictions were put in place regarding the wearing of tabi socks in samurai society. Tabi socks could only be worn from October 1st to February 20th of the following year, and only those over 50 years of age were allowed to wear them. Younger people, even those who were sick, needed permission from their lord, and this was called tabi gomen. This system continued until the reform of samurai uniforms in 1862 (Bunkyū 2). The leather used for tabi was imported goods from trade with the West and the Netherlands. Purple leather was used for women, and white or small patterned leather for men. They were long and cylindrical, stretching from the ankle up, with leather strings attached and fastened by tying them. A pair of white tabi that belonged to Tokugawa Ieyasu remains at the Tokugawa Art Museum in Nagoya. Cotton tabi became popular after the Great Edo Fire of 1657, triggered by a shortage of leather and a sudden rise in prices. During the Tenna period (1681-1684), embroidered tabi socks called 'Aze-zashi Tabi' became popular, and from the Jokyo period (1684-1688) to the Genroku period (1688-1704), luxurious socks made of silk, rinzu, silk thread, white bleached socks, gold cloth, Unsai-ori and other materials became popular. Also, around this time, instead of string tabi socks, buttoned tabi and clasp tabi appeared. During the Kyoho period (1716-1736), Shogun Yoshimune wore navy blue embroidered tabi socks while falcon hunting, which led to samurai following suit. Townspeople wore white cotton, as well as yellow, pale persimmon, and gray, and later, navy blue and black became more popular. Monpa tabi, seen in the late Edo period, had cotton flannel on the inside to keep warm in winter. Some were made with the same fabric on both the front and back. Yoshiwara tabi were paper tabi worn by customers of brothels to protect their white tabi from getting dirty, and were also called one-night tabi. Hana tabi were for children, made with madder-dyed white monpa and a string tabi with no split toe. Nara tabi were made with cotton wool between the front and back, and were worn by Sarugaku actors and others. Some rural areas imitated the samurai class and had a system in place that allowed people to wear tabi, but there were no restrictions on tabi for townspeople, and tastes changed over the years. [Kazuko Okano] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
和服を着るときに容儀上、保温上から足に履くもの。足袋の構造は甲と底とからなり、甲は先端で親指を入れる内甲(一つともいう)と他の4本の指を入れる外甲(四つ)に分かれ、足首まで包む。指股(また)があるのは、鼻緒のある履き物に都合よくつくられたものである。足首のところを留めるのに、一般には明治中ごろまでは紐(ひも)で結んでいたが、その後はこはぜ掛けのみとなった。こはぜは真鍮(しんちゅう)でつくられ、足首から上の筒の長さに応じて1~7枚つけられている。普通は3~4枚だが、舞踊用には5~7枚ついた筒長のものが適する。これは素肌が見えず、着物が短めに着られて裾(すそ)さばきがよいためである。こはぜ1枚ものは芝居の奴(やっこ)さんの紫繻子(しゅす)足袋にみられる。足袋の大きさは、足袋底の指の先からかかとの端までの長さを計って、文数で表す。文尺(もんぎじゃく)(文規尺)は寛永(かんえい)通宝の一文銭の直径を単位としてつくられ、1文は鯨(くじら)尺で6分4厘(2.42センチメートル)であり、端数は3分、5分(半(はん)という)、7分とした。最近は大きさをセンチメートルで表示している。 足袋に用いられる表地の材料はキャラコが多く、ブロード、繻子、ナイロン、高級品として羽二重(はぶたえ)がある。礼装用には男女とも白が用いられる。普段用も女は白が普通であるが、昭和の初めごろまでは、汚れの目だたない色別珍(べっちん)が好まれた。男の日常用としては紺キャラコ、黒繻子が用いられる。おしゃれ用や芸能関係用には色足袋、柄(がら)(小紋、縞(しま))足袋がつくられている。裏地には平織木綿が一般的で、防寒向きとしてはネル地が使われる。足袋底は雲斎(うんさい)織(畦(うね)刺しを織り出した地の粗いじょうぶな綿布)の白または紺で、とくにじょうぶなものとして、昭和の初めまで石底(いしぞこ)織(厚地の粗(あら)くてじょうぶな綿織物)が用いられた。仕立ては袷(あわせ)が普通であるが、夏用の特殊なものとして、単(ひとえ)仕立てのものもつくられている。足袋は足にぴったりとあって、皺(しわ)、たるみがないのがよいとされる。 現在は既製品が全盛で、足袋の産地としては埼玉県行田(ぎょうだ)市が代表的であるが、明治ごろまでは自家製もあり、足袋型を用いて裁断し、手作りしたのである。現在はわずかに残る老舗(しにせ)で、客の注文を受けて誂(あつら)え足袋を製造している。足袋に関するものに、汚れ防止や雨よけのカバー、防寒用としての足袋ソックスが、ナイロントリコット、ウーリーナイロン、毛糸または合繊パイル、ビニルなどでつくられて市販されている。 [岡野和子] 歴史足袋は古くは皮(革)でつくったところから「単皮」の文字をあてたといわれる。革は鹿(しか)革が多く使われ、形は今日の足袋のように、つまさきが二分されていない、襪(しとうず)の系統のものであった。なめし革の足袋は、初めは戦場や旅など野外で用いられたが、しだいに屋内で防寒に用いられるようになった。鎌倉時代の末になって、草履(ぞうり)や草鞋(わらじ)などに便利な、つまさきが二つに分かれた足袋が生まれた。『宗五大雙紙』によると、武家社会では足袋着用に関しての規制のできたことがわかる。足袋を履くことのできる期間は、10月1日から翌年の2月20日までとされ、50歳以上の者のみとした。若い者は病人であっても主君の許しを必要とし、これを足袋御免といった。この制度は1862年(文久2)の武家服制改革まで続いたのである。 足袋に用いられた革は、南蛮貿易やオランダ貿易による舶来品である。女子は紫革、男子は白や小紋革が用いられた。足首から上の筒長の形で、革紐をつけて、これを結んで留めた。名古屋の徳川美術館には、徳川家康所用の白足袋が残されている。木綿足袋が普及したのは明暦(めいれき)の江戸大火(1657)後で、革不足と価格の急騰がきっかけとなった。天和(てんな)(1681~84)のころ、畦刺足袋といって、刺し縫いした足袋が流行し、貞享(じょうきょう)(1684~88)から元禄(げんろく)(1688~1704)にかけては絹、綸子(りんず)、絖(ぬめ)などのぜいたくなものや、白晒(さらし)、金巾(かなきん)、雲斎織など種々のものが流行した。また、このころ紐足袋にかわって、ボタン掛け、こはぜ掛けのものが現れた。享保(きょうほう)年間(1716~36)には将軍吉宗(よしむね)が鷹狩(たかがり)に紺の刺足袋を履いたことから、武士の間でこれに倣うものが出た。町人は白木綿のほか、黄、薄柿(うすがき)、ねずみ色なども用い、その後、紺や黒が多く履かれるようになった。 江戸末期にみられた紋羽(もんぱ)足袋は、冬の防寒用で紋羽(綿ネル)を裏につけたもの。表裏とも共布を使ったものもある。吉原(よしわら)足袋は、遊廓(ゆうかく)に通う客が白足袋の汚れを防ぐために履いた紙製の足袋で、一夜足袋ともいう。花足袋は子供用のもので、茜(あかね)染め白抜きの紋羽でつくり、つまさきの割れていない紐足袋である。奈良足袋は表裏の間に真綿を入れて仕立てたもので、猿楽(さるがく)俳優などが用いた。農村では武家に倣って足袋御免の制を敷いている所もあったが、町人の足袋は束縛がなく、時代によって嗜好(しこう)の変化があった。 [岡野和子] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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