Acute abdominal pain

Japanese: 急性腹症 - きゅうせいふくしょう
Acute abdominal pain
The term "acute abdominal disease" is often used in the medical field, especially in emergency medical settings, but it is not the name of a disease and does not have a clear definition.
It is the sudden onset of severe abdominal pain that in most cases is accompanied by a number of other symptoms other than abdominal pain, such as nausea, vomiting, heartburn, burping, diarrhea, abdominal distension, abdominal rumbling, dizziness, vomiting of blood, bloody stool, back pain, and painful urination.
Therefore, when a doctor sees a patient with acute abdominal disease, he or she must determine the cause as quickly as possible through interviewing, examining, and testing and then provide appropriate treatment.
Examination of patients with acute abdominal disease In a normal examination, a diagnosis is made through a medical interview, physical examination (visual examination, auscultation, palpation), and necessary tests (blood tests, X-rays, ultrasound, CT scans, etc.). In the case of acute abdominal disease, the procedure is basically the same, but since the condition is often urgent, things may not go as usual depending on the situation.
For example, if a patient comes to the hospital in a state of shock due to abdominal pain, an intravenous drip will be started as soon as they arrive, and their vital signs such as blood pressure, breathing, and pulse will be monitored. Blood tests, X-rays, and an electrocardiogram will also be performed.
◎Diagnosis of acute abdominal diseaseThe most important part of the diagnostic process is the medical interview. It is necessary to accurately and quickly determine when and how this acute abdominal disease occurred, but if the patient is in severe pain and cannot ask the doctor himself, check with his family or those around him.
Regarding pain, it is important to check when and how it started, whether it is a stabbing pain or a dull pain, where in the abdomen it is located, whether it is the same level of pain from the beginning or changes over time, whether the pain radiates to the back or shoulders, whether there is any idea of ​​the cause, whether it is related to food, whether there are people around who have the same symptoms, and whether there are any symptoms other than abdominal pain. Also important information is whether there is a history of other illnesses or whether you are currently being treated.
After understanding the patient's overall condition, the examination will focus on the abdomen, but attention will also be paid to the results of tests on the heart, lungs, lower limbs, etc., as diseases in these areas may be the cause.
The examination is carried out in the order of visual inspection, auscultation, and palpation. Visual inspection is done to check the skin color and changes in it. Auscultation is done to listen to the movement of the intestines using a stethoscope. It is possible to distinguish whether there is no movement at all, whether there is a lot of movement (hyperactivity), or whether it sounds like a metallic sound. It is also important to check whether there is a buzzing noise in the pulse.
Palpation involves checking the intensity of pain and the hardness of the abdominal wall. Attention is paid to whether it feels as hard as a board, where the pain is, whether it hurts when you press or when you release the pressure, and whether the pain radiates away when you press.
◎ Examination of acute abdominal disease Examination methods have made great progress in recent years. Not only X-rays and electrocardiograms, but also blood tests can be performed with an autoanalyzer to check many items in a short time and get the results. Ultrasound (echo) examinations have also become common, which can obtain a lot of information about the abdominal cavity with almost no pain. If necessary, more precise information can be obtained by endoscopy, CT scans, angiography, etc., and these are used to make a diagnosis. However, it is not always possible to make a definitive diagnosis in a short time in all cases. There are cases where an open abdominal surgery must be performed before the patient's overall condition becomes dangerous without a definitive diagnosis. Originally, acute abdominal disease meant a sudden onset of severe abdominal pain, and the need for immediate surgery was called into question. Nowadays, as mentioned above, the term is used to have a broader meaning.
◎Causes of acute abdominal painThere are so many diseases that it is not possible to mention them all, but we will list some of the most common ones below.
1) Acute gastric mucosal lesions (acute gastric or duodenal ulcers, acute gastritis, etc.)
Upper abdominal pain is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and heartburn, and is most often caused by severe stress or overeating and drinking.
② Anisakiasis: After eating raw fish such as marinated mackerel or squid, severe upper abdominal pain occurs within 1 to 2 hours. Symptoms other than pain are relatively few, and diarrhea is rarely present.
3) Gastric or duodenal ulcer perforation
Ulcers are often present before, and symptoms often appear before they perforate, but ulcers in elderly people or those in the upper part of the stomach often have few symptoms, and sometimes perforation or vomiting of blood is the initial symptom.
4. Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis
It is a sudden, severe pain that appears in the upper abdomen or slightly to the right (right hypochondrium), and often occurs after eating greasy foods.
⑤Acute appendicitis (appendicitis)
Typically, the pain initially begins in the entire abdomen or in the upper abdomen, is accompanied by nausea, and over time the pain moves to the lower right abdomen and becomes localized (limited to that area).
⑥ Infectious enteritis: Bacteria attached to food or toxins released by bacteria cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. Symptoms may appear as early as immediately after eating or as late as 2-3 days. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Staphylococcus aureus are the most severe. Recently, pathogenic E. coli (O-157, etc.) have also been attracting attention.
⑦Acute pancreatitis
It is characterized by severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. It is most often triggered by alcohol or gallstone attacks, and in severe cases can be life-threatening.
⑧Colon diverticulitis
This is caused by inflammation of a diverticulum in the large intestine (usually near the ileocecal area or the sigmoid colon). If it is in the ileocecal area, it may be mistaken for appendicitis.
9. Ischemic enteritis
It can be caused by medications such as antibiotics or painkillers, or by spicy foods, and is often accompanied by bloody stool.
10. Intestinal obstruction (ileus)
This is a relatively common condition, where the contents of the intestine cannot move for some reason. In the case of strangulated ileus (intestines being strangled), if surgery is not performed immediately, the intestine will rot and the condition may become serious.
⑪ Mesenteric artery thrombosis
This condition occurs when the artery that carries nutrients to the intestines becomes blocked, and although prompt treatment is required, it is difficult to diagnose.
⑫ Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm/dissecting aortic aneurysm The former is a ruptured aneurysm in the aorta, which immediately causes shock and requires emergency surgery. The latter is a condition in which a crack forms in the wall of the aorta, which is usually accompanied by back pain.
⑬Ureteral stones
It begins with sudden lower abdominal or back pain and can be diagnosed by the presence of hematuria.
⑭ Ectopic pregnancy
Anemia should be suspected when a woman of childbearing potential experiences sudden, severe lower abdominal pain and, in the absence of gastrointestinal bleeding, symptoms of anemia or worsening pain.
⑮Myocardial infarction
In rare cases, it may begin with severe upper abdominal pain. If there are no other abdominal symptoms other than pain, and there is a drop in blood pressure or cold sweat, an electrocardiogram will be performed to detect the condition.
The key to treatment is to quickly understand the patient's overall condition and choose a hospital that can treat each disease.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
「急性腹症(Acute Abdomen)」ということばは、医療現場、とくに救急医療の場でよく使われますが、病名ではなく、明確な定義はありません。
 急に出現した強い腹痛で、ほとんどの場合、吐(は)き気(け)、嘔吐(おうと)、胸やけ、噯気(あいき)(げっぷ)、下痢(げり)、腹満(ふくまん)、腹鳴(ふくめい)、めまい、吐血(とけつ)、下血(げけつ)、背部痛、排尿痛など、腹痛以外のいくつかの症状をともなった状態と考えてよいでしょう。
 したがって、医師は急性腹症の患者さんをみたら、問診、診察、検査によって、できるだけ早くその原因をつかみ、対応しなくてはなりません。
◎急性腹症患者の診察
 ふつうの診察では、問診、診察(視診、聴診、触診)、さらに必要な検査(血液検査、X線検査、超音波検査、CT検査など)が行なわれて診断にいたります。急性腹症の場合は基本的には同様ですが、差し迫った状態であることが多いだけに、状況によってはふつうどおりにいかないこともしばしばあります。
 たとえば、腹痛によるショック状態で来院した場合は、到着と同時に点滴注射を開始し、血圧、呼吸、脈拍などのバイタルサイン(生命徴候)を把握し、合わせて血液検査、X線検査、心電図検査が行なわれます。
◎急性腹症の診断
 診断の過程でもっともたいせつなのは問診です。この急性腹症がいつ、どのようにおこったかを正確かつ速やかに把握する必要がありますが、苦痛がひどく、本人から聞けない場合は家族や周囲にいた人に確認します。
 疼痛(とうつう)については、いつからどのようにおこったか、さしこむような痛みか鈍痛か、場所は腹部のどこか、最初から同じ程度の痛みか時間とともに変化するか、背中や肩に痛みが放散するか、原因に心当たりがないか、食事との関係はどうか、周囲に同じ症状の人がいるかどうかが確認され、腹痛以外の症状も確かめられます。また、別の病気の前歴や治療中かどうかも重要な情報です。
 診察は全身状態の把握後に腹部を中心に行なわれますが、心臓、肺、下肢(かし)などの検査結果にも注意が払われます。これらの部位の疾患が原因であることもあるからです。
 診察は視診、聴診、触診の順に行なわれます。視診は、皮膚の色調やその変化をみるものです。聴診では、聴診器を使って腸の動き具合を聴きます。まったく動いていないか、よく動いている(亢進(こうしん))か、金属音のように聞こえるかなどが聴き分けられます。また、脈にザーという雑音があるかどうかもたいせつです。
 触診では、痛みの強さや腹壁のかたさなどをみます。板のようにかたいのか、痛む場所はどこか、押したときと離したときとどちらが痛むのか、押したとき痛みが放散するかどうかに注意が払われます。
◎急性腹症の検査
 検査法は近年、大きく進歩しました。X線検査や心電図検査はもちろんのこと、血液検査にしてもオートアナライザーによって短時間でたくさんの項目が調べられ、結果を知ることができます。また、超音波(エコー)検査という、ほとんど苦痛なしにたくさんの腹腔(ふくくう)内の情報が得られる方法も一般化してきました。必要なら、内視鏡検査、CT検査、血管撮影などによって、さらに精密な情報も得られ、これらを活用して診断は行なわれます。ただし、どんな例でも短時間で診断が確定できるとはかぎりません。診断未確定のまま、全身状態が危険になる前に開腹手術を実施しなければならなくなることもあります。元来、急性腹症とは、急に発症した激しい腹痛で、早急に手術の要否が問われる状態を意味していました。現在では、前述したように、もう少し広い意味をもたせて使われているのです。
◎急性腹症の原因
 原因となる疾患は非常にたくさんあるため、すべて述べることはできませんが、代表的なものをあげておきます。
①急性胃粘膜(いねんまく)病変(急性胃・十二指腸潰瘍(じゅうにしちょうかいよう)、急性胃炎など)
 上腹部の痛みに吐き気、嘔吐、胸やけをともなうことが多く、大きなストレス、暴飲暴食によることがほとんどです。
②アニサキス症
 しめさば、イカなどの刺身を食べて1~2時間以内に強い上腹部痛が出現します。疼痛以外の症状は比較的少なく、下痢をともなうこともまれです。
③胃・十二指腸潰瘍穿孔(せんこう)
 潰瘍は、たいてい以前におこしたことがあり、穿孔前に症状が出ることが多いのですが、高齢者の潰瘍や、胃の上部の潰瘍は症状に乏しく、穿孔、吐血が初発症状であることがときにあります。
④胆石症(たんせきしょう)・胆嚢炎(たんのうえん)
 上腹部またはやや右側(右季肋部(きろくぶ))に急に出現する激しい疼痛で、脂っこいものの食後によくおこります。
⑤急性虫垂炎(きゅうせいちゅうすいえん)(盲腸炎(もうちょうえん))
 最初は腹部全体または上腹部が痛み始め、吐き気をともない、時間とともに痛みが右下腹部に移動して限局する(その場所にかぎられる)のが典型例です。
⑥感染性腸炎
 食物に付着した細菌や細菌が出す毒素で腹痛、下痢がおこります。早ければ食後すぐ、遅いものでは2~3日して症状が現われます。なかでも腸炎ビブリオ、サルモネラ、カンピロバクター、黄色(おうしょく)ブドウ球菌(きゅうきん)などが強い症状をおこします。最近は病原性大腸菌(O‐157など)も注目されています。
⑦急性膵炎(きゅうせいすいえん)
 激烈な上腹部痛が特徴で、痛みが背部に放散することがよくあります。アルコールや胆石発作が引き金になることがほとんどで、重症の場合は生命の危険があります。
⑧大腸憩室炎(だいちょうけいしつえん)
 大腸(回盲部(かいもうぶ)付近かS状結腸が多い)にできた憩室(ふくろ)に炎症が生じたためにおこるものです。回盲部の場合は虫垂炎とまちがえられることがあります。
⑨虚血性腸炎(きょけつせいちょうえん)
 抗生物質や鎮痛薬などの薬剤に起因する場合と、刺激の強い食物による場合があり、よく下血をともないます。
⑩腸閉塞(ちょうへいそく)(イレウス)
 比較的多いもので、なんらかの原因で腸の内容物が動かなくなったものです。絞扼性(こうやくせい)イレウス(腸が絞められたもの)の場合はすぐに手術をしなければ腸が腐り、重篤(じゅうとく)な状態になることがあります。
⑪腸間膜動脈血栓症(ちょうかんまくどうみゃくけっせんしょう)
 腸に栄養を運ぶ動脈がつまったもので、速やかな対応が必要ですが診断がむずかしいという特徴があります。
⑫腹部大動脈瘤破裂(ふくぶだいどうみゃくりゅうはれつ)・解離性(かいりせい)大動脈瘤
 前者は大動脈にできた瘤(こぶ)が破裂したもので、すぐにショックをおこすため、緊急手術が必要です。後者は大動脈の壁に亀裂(きれつ)ができた状態で、背部痛をともなうのがふつうです。
⑬尿管結石(にょうかんけっせき)
 急な下腹部痛や背部痛で発症します。血尿(けつにょう)で診断がつきます。
⑭子宮外妊娠(しきゅうがいにんしん)
 妊娠可能な女性に強い下腹部痛が急発し、消化管出血がみられないのに貧血症状があるか、強まるときに疑います。
⑮心筋梗塞(しんきんこうそく)
 まれに強い上腹部痛で発症することがあります。疼痛以外に腹部症状がなく、血圧低下、冷や汗などがみられる場合、心電図検査をして判明します。
 全身状態を早急に把握し、各疾患に対応できる病院を選ぶことが治療の鍵(かぎ)となります。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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