Kibbutz - Kibbutz (English spelling)

Japanese: キブツ - きぶつ(英語表記)kibbutz
Kibbutz - Kibbutz (English spelling)

A type of agricultural community in Israel. A similar community is the moshav (a non-communal agricultural cooperative), but the kibbutz is characterized by collective ownership of all property, thorough communal living, and the communal raising of children. The first kibbutz was established in 1909 by Jews who immigrated from Eastern Europe, and it developed through the kibbutz movement, which developed as a combination of Zionism, Marxism, and the youth movement. As of 1996, there were 269 kibbutzim with a population of 122,500, accounting for 2.13% of the total population of Israel. The number of members in a kibbutz varies from 60 to 2,000.

A typical kibbutz up until the 1980s was as follows: Land was state-owned, economic activities were divided according to gender, and men worked mainly in the agricultural sector (productive sector) and women in the service sector (non-productive sector). Work was supported by "conscience for work," and the communist principle of "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" was literally implemented. The General Assembly is the highest decision-making body, and has legislative, executive, and judicial powers. Positions are rotated among members to avoid the concentration of authority in any one individual. Members live in communal housing, eat in a communal dining hall, and lead a communal life. Children are raised separately from their parents from birth, and are raised in a collectivist manner in infant homes, infant homes, nurseries, kindergartens, elementary schools, and high schools. Therefore, kibbutz families do not have the characteristic of communal housing, and since they have no economic or educational functions, it is said that the so-called "nuclear family" does not exist in kibbutzim, which has caused controversy in family research. However, in terms of personality development in children, research in social anthropology and preventive psychiatry has revealed that ideal education is generally being provided, which has attracted attention. Basically, there has been no change in the nature of the kibbutz, but since the 1980s, not only agriculture but also industry has been introduced, and in this respect, it is said that the nature of kibbutz society has changed.

Kibbutzim have been praised for producing many important figures in the political world and for their contributions to the state of Israel, but on the other hand, some say it is difficult to evaluate them highly, given that they have played a vanguard role in the conflict with the Arab peoples in remote areas near the border.However, the kibbutzim is an experiment that has led to utopianism, and is noteworthy in that it represents a negative stance against the existing social structure based on the historical experience of the Jewish people, and offers a vision of the future for families and the education of children.

[Masuo Watanabe]

ME SpiroChildren of the Kibbutz (1958, Harvard University Press)H. Darling-Drabkin, translated by Kusakari Zenzo, Another Social Kibbutz (1967, Taisei Publishing) ▽ A. Librich, translated by Higuchi Noriko, Kibbutz: Its True Face - Records of the Jews Who Returned to the Land (1993, Miltos) ▽ L. Riegl et al., translated by Matsuura Toshiaki and Yokokawa Hiroshi, The Crisis and Future of the Kibbutz: Changes in the Cooperative Economy and Lifestyle (1996, Food and Agricultural Policy Research Center)

[References] | Israel | Communism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イスラエルにおける農業共同体の一形態。類似の共同体としてモシャブmoshav(非共産的農業協同体)があるが、キブツは全財産の集団所有、徹底した共同生活、子供の共同育成などを特色としている。1909年、東欧から移住してきたユダヤ人によって最初のキブツが誕生し、シオニズム運動とマルクス主義と青年運動との結合として展開されたキブツ運動によって発展した。1996年現在、その数は269、人口は12万2500人で、イスラエル全人口の2.13%となっている。一つのキブツの構成員は60人から2000人程度までで、一定していない。

 1980年代までの典型的なキブツは次のようであった。土地は国有、経済活動は性に基づく分業が行われており、男性は農業部門(生産部門)で、女性はサービス部門(非生産部門)で主として働く。労働は、「労働に対する良心」によって支えられ、「各人はその能力に応じて、各人にはその必要に応じて」という共産主義の原理が文字どおり実行されている。総会が最高の決議機関であり、立法、行政、司法の権限を兼ね備えている。役職は構成員による持ち回り方式がとられ、特定の個人に権威が集中するのを避ける。構成員は共同の住居に住み、共同の食堂で食べ、すべて共同生活を送る。子供は生後一貫して両親とは別に育てられ、乳児院、幼児の家、保育所、幼稚園、小学校、高等学校で集団主義的な育成が行われる。したがって、キブツの家族には、共同の住居という特徴はなく、経済的機能も教育的機能もないところから、いわゆる「核家族」はキブツには存在しないとされ、家族研究上、論議をよんだ。しかし、子供のパーソナリティー形成の面では、概して理想的な教育が行われていることが社会人類学や予防精神病学の調査研究などで明らかにされており注目された。基本的にはその性格に変化はないが、1980年代ごろから農業だけでなく工業も導入され、その点ではキブツ社会の性格が変わってきているといわれる。

 キブツはこれまで政界の要人を多く輩出し、イスラエル国家に対して貢献してきた点では評価される面もあるが、他方で、アラブ民族との抗争のなかで、国境近くの辺境の地において、その先兵としての役割を果たしてきた点では、その評価は困難であるとする見方もある。しかし、キブツはユートピア思想にもつながった一つの実験でもあるうえに、ユダヤ民族の歴史的経験に基づいて、既存の社会構造に対する否定態としての意味をもっており、家族および子供の教育にとっては、一つの未来像を示している点で、注目されるべき存在である。

[渡邊益男]

『M. E. SpiroChildren of the Kibbutz(1958, Harvard University Press)』『H・ダーリン・ドラブキン著、草刈善造訳『もう一つの社会キブツ』(1967・大成出版社)』『A・リブリッヒ著、樋口範子訳『キブツ その素顔――大地に帰ったユダヤ人の記録』(1993・ミルトス)』『L・リーグル他著、松浦利明・横川洋訳『キブツの危機と将来――協同組合的な経済・生活様式の変貌』(1996・食料・農業政策研究センター)』

[参照項目] | イスラエル | 共産主義

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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