A membership-based organization or group with a secret initiation ceremony. It is widely used in a variety of organizations, from the secret societies of so-called primitive societies, to Greek letter clubs at American universities, to societies such as the Freemasons and the Mafia. Among the oldest secret societies that have been preserved in history are some of the Mystery Cults of the Orient, and those of Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Others, such as Christians in pre-Christian Rome and various heretical Christian groups in the Middle Ages, adopted secrecy to avoid oppression and persecution. Medieval guilds kept their oaths and other secrets mainly for economic self-protection. Freemasons, which gradually developed from the guilds of stonemasons, sought to achieve personal transformation through mysticism so that their members would conform to the ideology of the guild. Throughout history, groups that aimed for revolution, overthrow of the system, conspiracy, etc., were organized in secret, such as the Finian Republic of Ireland. These secret societies can be divided into three categories based on their purpose: initiation secret societies that respect the secrecy of initiation, political secret societies that have political purposes and operate underground, and anti-social secret societies that aim at crime. [Tsuneo Ayabe] Secret Society of InitiationWhen joining the society, initiation is given, and the members go through a mystical ritual according to their rank within the organization, and the reason for the existence of the society is found in the transformation of human existence itself. Therefore, among these types of societies, there are some that only keep the rituals secret, and do not try to hide the existence of the society, meeting place, doctrine, or names of members. One of the world's most famous societies is the Freemasons. Other societies similar to Freemasons include the Odd Fellows, Elks, Moose, and Knights of Malta. Traditional esoteric groups in Japan include a group of mountain ascetics known as Shugendo, the Shingon Tachikawa school which was rejected by the Shingon sect as a heretical sect, the "hidden nembutsu" of the Tohoku region, and the "hidden Christians" on the western coast of Kyushu and on its remote islands, and the esoteric groups known as Akamata and Kuromata in the Ryukyu Islands could also be counted among these initiation-type secret societies. In addition, many of the secret societies found in traditional societies are based on initiation, but these can be further divided into the following categories: The Poro Society of the Kpelu people of Liberia, the Ogboni Society of the Yoruba people of Nigeria, and the Duku-Duku Society of New Britain are examples of the former, while the Mbatsav Society of the Tiv people of Nigeria, the Royal Society of the Benin people, and the Leopard Society of Sierra Leone, which are secret societies of witches, are examples of the latter. In some cases, such as among the Mende people of Liberia, there are secret societies of women, but in general women and children are often excluded from secret societies. [Tsuneo Ayabe] Political secret societiesGenerally, their purpose is resistance against the political powers of the time, so they hide their existence and try not to reveal their activities or the names of their members to the public in order to avoid persecution or oppression from the political powers. Examples of political secret societies include the "Saint Fehme" in 16th century Europe, the "Carbonari" in Italy and the "Finian" in Ireland in the 19th century, the "Redemption League" and "Decembrists" in Imperial Russia, the "Mau Mau" by the Kikuyu people of Kenya as an independence movement from British colonies after World War II, and the "Black Panthers" in the United States with the goal of liberating black people. [Tsuneo Ayabe] Criminal secret societiesRepresentative examples include the Triads, a secret society of ethnic Chinese in Malaysia, and the Ku Klux Klan and Mafia in the United States, but in all cases, they were either mutual aid or political societies when they were first formed. Many criminal secret societies lose their original purpose and gradually become anti-social societies. Secrets are deeply connected to the development of the ego as an individual, and in the history of civilization, they are inextricably linked to the principles of the formation of social groups. Secret societies can be said to be one form of functional group rooted in the essence of human society. [Tsuneo Ayabe] ChinaThere are two types of Chinese secret societies: (1) religious secret societies, such as the White Lotus Sect, which were collective associations of lower-class peasants and lawless people during the Qing Dynasty and were called "religious bandits" and "bandits." (2) "Bang Hui" (Panghui) (Hui Dang), such as the Red Bang and the Blue Bang. (1) was mainly an association of lower-class peasants and people in rural areas, while (2) was mainly an association of lower-class peasants and people under the distribution economy. (1) was mainly formed in northern and central China, while (2) was mainly formed in central and southern China. Some of (1), such as the Boxer Martial Arts (after the 18th century), the Great Sword Society, and the Red Spear Society, changed into (2), or even gave rise to societies that were the flip side of (2). When talking about secret societies in general, the main problem is (2), namely the Ban Society. The Ban Society began to play an important role in Chinese history during the modernization of China, especially in the late Qing Dynasty, and it was around 1900 that the Qingmen, Qing Bang, and Qing Bang came to be called the same thing as the Hongmen, Hong Bang, and Red Bang. There are two types of Red Bang: the Tiandihui (also known as the Sanhehui and Santianhui) and the Ge Laohui. The Tiandihui originated in the mid-18th century from a group of merchants, lower-class peasants and lawless people in the border areas of Guangdong and Fujian provinces. It spread mainly as an organization of transport workers supporting the distribution economy to areas along the commercial transportation routes to Sichuan, where merchants from all over the country gathered at the time, as well as to Guangzhou and Taiwan, and from the 19th century to Southeast Asia and Hawaii. The Ge Laohui originated from a group of lower-class peasants and lawless people called the Guol (a Sichuan dialect of Ge Lao) in Sichuan, who were born in the first half of the 18th century. In the early 19th century, they interacted with the Tripartite Society and the White Lotus Society in Sichuan, and established a group organization and rules. They strengthened their influence by taking advantage of the anti-social distribution economy, and advanced into Hubei and Hunan. The Yu elements joined the Xiang Army, which fought against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the name Ge Laohui appeared around that time. After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the disbanded Xiang Yongs joined Ge Laohui groups in various places, and by the 1870s, the Ge Laohui's influence had spread from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River to the delta region. They became the main force in the xenophobic anti-Christian movement of 1891, assisted the party of the exiled Kang Youwei, and cooperated with the revolutionary party as the Hongmen and Red Bangs together with the Tiandihui, contributing to the Xinhai Revolution (1911). During the Republican period, the influence of the Qing Bang became stronger than that of the Red Bangs. The Qing Bang originated from the religious society "Muijiao" ("Luojiao") in the late Ming Dynasty, but the main members of the group were sailors on the supply ships on the Grand Canal. Due to oppression by the Qing Dynasty, the group's religious nature was diluted and it transformed into the Bang Hui after the 18th century. When boat traffic on the Grand Canal was cut off in the late Qing Dynasty, the Bang moved from the water to the land , and became the Bang Hui that controlled the black market economy, mainly in the Yangtze River Delta region. These Bang were called Qingmen/Qing Bang after the name of the founder of Wuweijiao, and in the late Qing Dynasty they came to be called Qing Bang in contrast to the Red Bang. From the late Qing to the Republican period, the Qing Bang made huge profits from sales of black market goods such as opium and salt. The central figure was Du Yuesheng (1887-1951). With the rise of his power, the Qingbang changed from a traditional organization to a group led by Du. After 1927, the Qingbang transformed into a people's organization that supported the Kuomintang government, which opposed the Chinese Communist Party and aimed for a capitalist China. [Tadao Sakai] "Secret Societies" by S. Junta, translated by Toichiro Koseki (Hakusuisha, Kuseiju Bunko) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
秘密の入社式を有する会員制の組織や団体。いわゆる未開社会の秘密結社から、アメリカの大学におけるギリシア文字クラブ、フリーメーソンやマフィアなどの結社に至るまで広く用いられている。 史実として残るもっとも古い秘密結社のなかには、オリエントの密儀教のいくつか、古代エジプト、ギリシア、ローマなどの秘密結社がある。また、キリスト教時代以前のローマにおけるキリスト教徒や中世のさまざまな異端的キリスト教グループなどのように、弾圧や迫害から逃れるために秘密性を採用したものもある。中世のギルドは主として経済的自己防衛のために加入宣誓その他の秘密を保持していた。石工(いしく)のギルドからしだいに発展したフリーメーソンは、そのメンバーがギルドの思想に合致するための人間の変革を、秘儀を通して達成しようとした。また、歴史を通して、革命、体制打倒、陰謀などを目ざす諸集団は、フィニアン系アイルランド共和国同盟のように、秘密に組織されている。こうした諸種の秘密結社は、その目的によって、加入の際の秘儀を重んじる入社的秘密結社、政治的目的を有して地下活動を行うような政治的秘密結社、および犯罪を目的とする反社会的秘密結社に三分することができる。 [綾部恒雄] 入社的秘密結社結社への加入に際してイニシエーション(入社式)を施し、会員が組織内部の位階に応じた秘儀を通過し、人間存在を変革していくこと自体に結社の存在理由をみいだしている。したがって、この種の結社のなかには、そうした儀礼のみを秘密にし、結社の存在、集会場所、教義、会員氏名などは隠そうとしないものもある。世界的に有名なものとしてはフリーメーソンの名をあげることができる。また、オッド・フェローズ、エルクス、ムース、マルタの騎士などとよばれている結社もフリーメーソン類似の結社である。 日本の伝統的秘儀集団には、修験道(しゅげんどう)といわれる山伏の集団、真言一宗から邪宗として排斥された真言立川流、東北地方の「隠し念仏」、九州西部海岸や離島の「隠れキリシタン」などがあり、南西諸島でアカマタ・クロマタとよばれる秘儀団体も、こうした入社的秘密結社のうちに数えられよう。 なお、伝統的社会に多くみられる秘密結社には入社的なものが多いが、これらはさらに、 リベリアのクペル人におけるポロ結社、ナイジェリアのヨルバ人のオグボニ結社、ニューブリテン島のドゥク・ドゥク結社などは前者の例であり、妖術者の秘密の集まりであるナイジェリアはティブ人のムバツァブ結社、ベニン人の王宮結社、シエラレオネの豹(ひょう)結社などは後者の例にあたる。リベリアのメンデ人などのように、女性の秘密結社がみられる場合もあるが、一般に女性や子供は秘密結社から排除されることが多い。 [綾部恒雄] 政治的秘密結社一般に時の政治権力に対するレジスタンスを目的としている場合が多いので、政治権力からの迫害や弾圧を避けるためにその存在を隠し、結社の活動や結社員名を極力表に出さないように努めている。16世紀ヨーロッパの「聖フェーメ団」、19世紀イタリアの「カルボナリ党」やアイルランドの「フィニアン」、帝政ロシアにおける「救済同盟」や「デカブリスト」、第二次世界大戦後のものとしては、イギリスの植民地からの独立運動としてのケニアのキクユ人による「マウマウ団」、黒人解放を目的としたアメリカの「ブラック・パンサー」なども政治的秘密結社である。 [綾部恒雄] 犯罪的秘密結社代表例としては、マレーシアの華人系の秘密結社である「三合(さんごう)会」、アメリカの「クー・クラックス・クラン」や「マフィア」などをあげることができるが、いずれの場合も組織結成の当時は共済的結社であったり政治的結社であった。犯罪的な秘密結社は、結成当時の目的が失われて、しだいに反社会的結社となったものが多い。 秘密は人間個人としては自我の発達と深くかかわり、文明史的には社会集団の結成原理とも分かちがたく結び付いている。秘密結社はこのような人間社会の本質に根ざした機能集団の一つのあり方だということができる。 [綾部恒雄] 中国中国の秘密結社には、清(しん)代に「教匪(きょうひ)」「会匪(かいひ)」といわれた、下層農民・無頼民衆の集団結社である(1)「白蓮教(びゃくれんきょう)」を代表とする宗教的秘密結社と、(2)「紅帮(ホンパン)」「青帮(チンパン)」を代表とする「帮会(パンホイ)」(「会党(かいとう)」)とがある。(1)は農村の下層農民・民衆の結社の型を主とし、(2)は流通経済の下での下層農民・民衆の結社の型を主としている。(1)は華北・華中地域に、(2)は華中・華南地域に多く形成された。(1)のなかには義和拳(ぎわけん)(18世紀以後)、大刀会、紅槍(こうそう)会のように(2)に変わったり、(2)と表裏をなすものも生まれた。一般に秘密結社というと(2)すなわち帮会がおもに問題となる。帮会が中国史上重要な役割を果たすようになったのは、近代化中国とくに清末の時代で、清門(チンメン)・清帮・青帮と、洪門(ホンメン)・洪帮(ホンパン)、紅帮が併称されるようになったのも、1900年前後である。 紅帮には、天地会(別称、三合(さんごう)会・三点(さんてん)会)系と哥老(かろう)会系とがある。天地会は、広東(カントン)・福建両省の境界地域の商人、下層農民・無頼民衆の集団を基礎として18世紀中期に発祥した。これは、流通経済を支える運輸労働者の組織を主力として、当時全国の客商の集まった四川(しせん)に至る商業交通ルートに沿う各地域および両広・台湾に、19世紀以来は東南アジア・ハワイなどへと広がった。哥老会は、18世紀前半期に生まれた四川の嚕(クオル)(哥老(コラオ)の四川方言)とよばれた下層農民・無頼民衆の集団を基礎に発祥した。19世紀初めに四川で三合会、白蓮教と交流して集団の組織や規約を整え、反社会的な流通経済の利を得て勢力を強め、湖北・湖南に進出した。太平天国と戦った湘軍(しょうぐん)には嚕分子が加わり、哥老会の称呼もそのころ現れた。太平天国滅亡後、解散された郷勇(きょうゆう)は、各地の哥老会集団に加わり、1870年代には揚子江(ようすこう)中流域からデルタ地域にまで哥老会の勢力は伸びた。1891年の排外的反キリスト教運動の主力となり、亡命した康有為(こうゆうい)の党を援助したり、天地会とともに洪門、紅帮として革命党に協力して辛亥(しんがい)革命(1911)に貢献した。民国時代には紅帮に比して青帮の勢力が強くなった。青帮は明(みん)末の宗教結社「無為教(むいきょう)」(「羅教(らきょう)」)に発祥するが、その集団の主力は大運河の運糧(うんりょう)船の水手(すいしゅ)であった。清朝の弾圧によって18世紀以後、宗教性を薄めて帮会へと変貌(へんぼう)した。清末に大運河の漕運(そううん)が途絶したのを機に、帮は水から陸に上り、揚子江デルタ地域を中心に、闇(やみ)経済を支配する帮会となった。この帮は無為教の開祖の名にちなんで清門・清帮とよばれ、清末には紅帮と対称して青帮とよばれるようになった。青帮は、清末から民国期にかけてアヘン・塩などの闇物資関係の営業などで巨利を得た。その中心人物は杜月笙(とげつしょう)(1887―1951)である。彼の勢力の台頭によって青帮の組織は、過去の字輩(じはい)組織から杜を指導者とする集団へと変わった。青帮は1927年以後、中国共産党と対立して資本主義化中国を目ざす中国国民党政権を支える民衆組織へと変貌した。 [酒井忠夫] 『S・ユンタ著、小関藤一郎訳『秘密結社』(白水社・文庫クセジュ)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Secret Protection Law - Himitsuhogoho
>>: Himizu (hibumi) - Himizu (English spelling) Urotrichus talpoides
…Ancient name: Keletron. Located on the west shor...
<br /> The remains of a residence in Sawara,...
Inritsu means a musical rhythm in poetry or prose ...
A textbook for children in the Tang Dynasty, China...
...Currently, China has the Beijing Observatory, ...
This mite belongs to the Arthropoda phylum, Arach...
The dark red muscle on the side of the body of fi...
An age group of unmarried adult women. It is equi...
...the phenomenon in which the physiological char...
… The rule of the Jehu family lasted for about a ...
...He was at the center of the so-called San'...
...The Nihon Shoki states that the family was des...
A general term for carvings and crafts using ivory...
...A private railway with the third longest opera...
…If we go beyond Aristotle and follow the develop...