Horse-riding people

Japanese: 騎馬民族 - きばみんぞく
Horse-riding people

A general term for the many ethnic groups that used horse-riding tactics to plunder, conquer, or migrate to agricultural regions. This includes (1) nomadic horse-riding peoples who were active mainly in the arid regions of inland Eurasia, and (2) non-nomadic peoples who originally engaged in animal husbandry, agriculture, and hunting in the contact areas between arid regions and forests or agricultural regions.

(1) In the west, there are the Scythians, Sarmatians, Parthians, Avars, and Khazars, and in the east, there are the Xiongnu, Rouran, Turks, Uighurs, Khitans, Mongols, and Dzungars.
(2) includes the eastern Wuhuan, Xianbei, Buyeo, Goguryeo, Jurchen, Manchu, etc. In many cases, these non-nomadic horse-riding peoples were influenced by neighboring nomadic horse-riding peoples and became horse-riding peoples, so the nomads played a major role in the establishment and development of horse-riding peoples.

However, nomadism and horse riding were not always linked. It is not clear when and where equestrianism was invented, but it is said that it began to spread in the ancient Near East around the 10th century BC. The Aryan Scythians probably adopted equestrianism from this region, combined it with nomadism, and established the first typical nomadic horse riding nation in world history. The Scythians appeared on the steppes of southern Russia from the east around the end of the 8th century BC, and after the 6th century BC, they built a powerful nation centered on the steppes of southern Russia and the North Caucasus. By adopting equestrianism, the nomads gained the greatest mobility before the invention of the steam engine, and created a cavalry army that could appear and disappear at will, overwhelming the armies of settled agricultural peoples.

A distinctive feature of Scythian weapons, horse equipment, and accessories is their preference for animal motifs, which are carved in openwork or relief to depict the shapes of various animals. This equestrian culture, characterized by animal motifs, spread eastward and influenced the nomads of the Mongolian Plateau, and the Xiongnu, a nomadic horse-riding people, was established at the end of the 3rd century BCE. After the Xiongnu were destroyed, the Xianbei advanced from southern Manchuria to the Mongolian Plateau and established a horse-riding nation in the middle of the 2nd century. This split into several tribes in the middle of the 3rd century, some of which migrated to China and established some of the 16 nations of the Five Barbarians, and eventually one Xianbei tribe, the Tuoba, established the Northern Wei Dynasty in northern China. The Northern Wei Dynasty was the first great dynasty established by the horse-riding peoples of northern Asia inside China. Meanwhile, on the Mongolian Plateau, nomadic horse-riding peoples such as the Rouran (early 5th century to mid-6th century), Turks (? to mid-8th century), Uighurs (? to mid-9th century), as well as the Khitan, Mongols, and Dzungars, rose and fell. Among these, the Xiongnu, Rouran, Turks, Khitan, Mongols, and Dzungars maintained their bases because they were originally nomadic peoples, while the Xianbei abandoned their bases and migrated to agricultural areas because they originally practiced agriculture as well as livestock farming. Buyeo and Goguryeo were also non-nomadic horse-riding peoples that belonged to the Xianbei type. In particular, Goguryeo was a Tungusic people that lived in Northeast Asia, "Manchuria," and at its peak from the 4th century to the beginning of the 6th century, it controlled most of the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria. It was mainly through these non-nomadic horse-riding peoples that the Scythian horse-riding culture spread to agricultural areas. In other words, it became popular in northern China in the 3rd to 5th centuries by the Xianbei who migrated south, and was then spread to the Korean Peninsula by Goguryeo, Buyeo, etc. Furthermore, weapons and horse equipment with animal motifs, as well as other equestrian culture thought to be of Scythian origin, characterize the culture of the late Kofun period in Japan.

[Masao Mamoru]

Ancient Japan and the Horse-riding Peoples

Egami Namio's "Horse-riding People Theory" was proposed after a comprehensive review of the results of archaeological excavations, myths and legends found in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, and the general trend of East Asian history. According to this theory, Northeast Asian horse-riding peoples related to Buyeo and Goguryeo invaded, conquered, and moved from eastern Manchuria and northern Korea through southern Korea (Mimana) to northern Kyushu (Tsukushi) and further to Kinai with cutting-edge weapons and horses, but this process can be divided into two stages. The first stage was the invasion from Mimana to Tsukushi, which was carried out by Emperor Sujin in the first half of the 4th century, and the second stage was the eastern expedition from Tsukushi to Kinai, which was carried out by Emperor Ojin from the end of the 4th century to the beginning of the 5th century. It is said that this is where the origin of the Japanese state lies. While many Japanese historians are critical of this theory, there are also scholars such as Inoue Mitsusada who highly praise it, and Mizuno Yu (1918-2000) has advocated a theory known as the "neo-horseback riding people theory." There are many doubts about the finer points of Egami's "horseback riding people theory." However, there is much to be learned from Egami Hajime's method, which skillfully combines and attempts to comprehensively and unify many issues that have been discussed separately within their respective academic fields by Oriental historians and Japanese historians. When considering the origins of the Japanese nation, it is impossible to ignore this "horseback riding people theory."

[Masao Mamoru]

"The Horse-riding Nation - An Approach to Ancient Japanese History" by Egami Namio (Chuko Shinsho)""The Origin of the Japanese Nation" by Inoue Mitsusada (Iwanami Shinsho)""The Formation of the Ancient Japanese Nation - Conquering Dynasties and the Imperial Family" by Mizuno Tasuku (Kodansha Gendai Shinsho)""The Nomadic Horse-riding Nation - Descendants of the 'Blue Wolves'" by Mamoru Masao (Kodansha Gendai Shinsho)"

[References] | Mitsusada Inoue | Hiroaki Egami | Dynastic Change Theory | Scythia

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

騎馬戦術を用いて農耕地帯を略奪するか、または征服、あるいはそこへ移住した多くの民族の総称。これには、(1)内陸ユーラシアの乾燥地帯を中心に活躍した遊牧民系の騎馬民族と、(2)もともと乾燥地帯と森林地帯または農耕地帯との接触地帯で牧畜、農耕、狩猟に従事していた非遊牧民系のものとがある。

(1)には、西方ではスキタイ、サルマート、パルティア、アバール、ハザールなど、東方では、匈奴(きょうど)、柔然(じゅうぜん)、突厥(とっけつ)、ウイグル、契丹(きったん)、モンゴル、ジュンガルなどがあり、
(2)には、東方の烏丸(烏桓)(うがん)、鮮卑(せんぴ)、夫余(ふよ)、高句麗(こうくり)、女真(じょしん)、満州などがある。この非遊牧民系騎馬民族も、多くの場合、隣接した遊牧民系騎馬民族の影響を受けて騎馬民族化したものであるから、騎馬民族の成立、発展に果たした遊牧民の役割は大きい。

 しかし、遊牧と騎馬とは、初めから結び付いて行われていたのではない。騎馬術がいつどこで発明されたかは明らかではないが、それが古代オリエントで普及し始めたのは、紀元前10世紀ごろからであろうといわれている。そしてたぶんこの地方から騎馬術を採用して遊牧と結合させ、世界史上最初の典型的な遊牧騎馬民族国家を樹立したのが、アーリア系のスキタイである。スキタイは、前8世紀の末ごろ東方から南ロシア草原に現れ、前6世紀以後、南ロシア、北カフカスの草原を中心に強力な国家を建てた。遊牧民は騎馬術の採用によって、蒸気機関の発明以前における最大の機動力を獲得し、神出鬼没の騎兵軍団をつくりあげ、農業定着民の軍隊を圧倒した。

 ところで、スキタイ系の武器、馬具、装身具などの特徴は、さまざまの動物の姿を透(すかし)彫り、または浮彫りにして表した動物文様がとくに好まれた点にある。この動物文様を特徴とする騎馬文化は、東方に伝わってモンゴル高原の遊牧民に影響を与え、前3世紀末に、匈奴の遊牧騎馬民族が成立した。匈奴が滅亡すると、鮮卑が南満州からモンゴル高原に進出して、2世紀の中ごろに騎馬民族国家を建てたが、これは、3世紀の中ごろにいくつかの部族に分裂し、それらのあるものは中国へ移住して五胡(ごこ)十六国のうちのいくつかをつくり、やがて、鮮卑の一部族拓跋(たくばつ)が華北に北魏(ほくぎ)を建てた。北魏は、北アジアの騎馬民族が中国内部に樹立した最初の大王朝である。一方、モンゴル高原では、柔然(5世紀初め~6世紀中ごろ)、突厥(?~8世紀中ごろ)、ウイグル(?~9世紀中ごろ)、さらに、契丹、モンゴル、ジュンガルなどの遊牧騎馬民族が興亡した。これらのうち、匈奴、柔然、突厥、契丹、モンゴル、ジュンガルなどが、あくまでその本拠を確保したのは、それらがもともと遊牧民であったからであり、鮮卑がその本拠を見捨てて農業地帯へ移住したのは、それが元来、牧畜とともに農業をも行っていたからであろう。夫余や高句麗もまた、この鮮卑の型に属する非遊牧系の騎馬民族であった。とくに高句麗は東北アジア、「満州」にいたツングース系民族であり、4世紀から6世紀の初めにかけての最盛期には朝鮮半島の大半と南満州とを勢力圏に収めた。スキタイ系の騎馬文化が農耕地帯へ流れ込んだのは、おもに、これら非遊牧系の騎馬民族によってである。すなわち、それは南遷した鮮卑によって3~5世紀の華北に流行し、また、高句麗、夫余などの手で朝鮮半島に伝播(でんぱ)した。さらに、動物文様を伴った武器、馬具、そのほかスキタイ系と思われる騎馬文化は、日本の古墳時代後期の文化を特徴づけている。

[護 雅夫]

古代日本と騎馬民族

考古学的発掘の成果と、『古事記』『日本書紀』などにみられる神話や伝承、さらに東アジア史の大勢、この三つを総合的に検討した結果提唱されたのが、江上波夫(えがみなみお)の「騎馬民族説」である。その説によれば、夫余や高句麗と関係のある東北アジアの騎馬民族が、新鋭の武器と馬とをもって、東満州、朝鮮北部から南部朝鮮(任那(みまな))を経て北九州(筑紫(つくし))、さらに畿内(きない)へと侵入、征服、移動してきたのであるが、この過程は2段階に分かれる。第一段は任那から筑紫への侵入で、これは4世紀の前半に崇神(すじん)天皇によって行われ、第二段は筑紫から畿内への東征で、これは4世紀末から5世紀初頭にかけて応神(おうじん)天皇の手で遂行された。ここに日本国家の起源がある、という。この説に対しては、多くの日本史家は批判的であるが、井上光貞(みつさだ)のように、これを高く評価する学者もあり、また、水野祐(ゆう)(1918―2000)は「ネオ騎馬民族説」と称される説を唱えた。江上の「騎馬民族説」の細かい点については多くの疑問がある。しかし、いままで東洋史家と日本史家とによって別々に、それぞれの学問分野内部で論じられてきた多くの問題を、巧みに組み合わせ、総合的、統一的にとらえようとする江上波夫の方法には学ぶべき点が多い。日本国家の起源を考えるとき、この「騎馬民族説」を無視することはできない。

[護 雅夫]

『江上波夫著『騎馬民族国家――日本古代史へのアプローチ』(中公新書)』『井上光貞著『日本国家の起源』(岩波新書)』『水野祐著『日本古代の国家形成――征服王朝と天皇家』(講談社現代新書)』『護雅夫著『遊牧騎馬民族国家――「蒼き狼」の子孫たち』(講談社現代新書)』

[参照項目] | 井上光貞 | 江上波夫 | 王朝交替論 | スキタイ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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