A right that has already been acquired based on legal grounds. Some modern natural law scholars have argued that private ownership is a vested right under natural law, and that state power cannot infringe on it; however, this has been criticized from the standpoints of legal positivism, nationalism, and socialism, and is now largely a thing of the past. How vested rights should be treated under positive law is an issue when amending or interpreting the law. The need to protect vested rights is manifested in the form of avoiding legislation with retroactive effect, but it is not absolute, and when there is a change in values between the old law and the new law, or between the old interpretation and the new interpretation, vested rights are often abolished. There is a dispute over how to interpret vested rights in private international law. The principle that rights lawfully acquired in one country should be respected by other countries is advocated, but it is criticized as going too far to say that the courts of country A should naturally protect rights under country B's laws that were illegally acquired from the viewpoint of country A's laws. The issue of protecting vested rights is currently being debated, particularly in relation to the nationalization of multinational corporations in third world countries. [Ryuichi Nagao] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
法的根拠に基づいて、すでに獲得した権利。近代自然法学者の一部は、私的所有権を自然法上の既得権であるとして、国家権力もそれを侵すことができないと説いたが、法実証主義、国家主義、社会主義などの立場から批判され、現在ではほとんど過去のものとなっている。実定法上、既得権をどのように扱うべきかは、法の改正や解釈運用に際して問題とされる。既得権保護の要請は遡及(そきゅう)効をもつ立法を避けるなどの形で現れるが、絶対的なものではなく、旧法と新法、旧解釈と新解釈との間に価値観の変化がある場合には、既得権が廃止されることも多い。 国際私法上、既得権をどのように解するかについて争いがある。一国で適法に取得された権利は他国もこれを尊重すべしとする原則が唱えられているが、A国法からみて違法に取得されたB国法上の権利を、A国の裁判所が当然に保護すべきであるとするのは行きすぎであるとして批判される。既得権保護の問題は、現在とくに第三世界の諸国における多国籍企業の国有化問題に関して争われている。 [長尾龍一] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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