Fox fire

Japanese: 狐火 - きつねび
Fox fire

A type of mysterious light that appears on mountain edges and along rivers. Even now, much of its identity remains unknown. In English, the "fox" in "fox fire" does not refer to a fox, but to a verb meaning to decay or to change color as a result of decay, or to the glow caused by bacteria on rotting wood. However, this is not the kitsunebi that have been seen in Japan since ancient times, as it cannot be seen from a distance of more than four or five meters. Sarashina Kimimori summarizes the characteristics of how fox fires are seen in Japan as follows (1958):

(1) Fireballs appear in a line in a place where there is no fire.

(2) The color is like that of a lantern or torch.

(3) Fox fires light and go out, and then just when you think they have disappeared, they reappear in a different direction.

(4) Fox fires appear in the season from spring to early autumn, and are more likely to appear during the hot, humid summer or when the weather turns gloomy.

(5) If you go to see the true nature of foxfire, it will always disappear halfway through.

Yoshiharu Tsunoda subsequently conducted a more detailed study of foxfires (1977), revealing that they can be largely explained by the anomalous refraction of light that tends to occur in alluvial fans extending from mountainous areas to plains.

[Nemoto Junkichi]

Folklore

The true identity of foxfires in Echigo (Niigata Prefecture) may be the ignition of natural petroleum, but the light could also have been caused by ball lightning. The most famous foxfire in Edo was Oji's foxfire, which often appeared every year on the night of New Year's Day, and some people made a special trip to see it. In a play, foxfires are shown on stage in the fourth act of the kyogen play "Nijushikou (The Twenty-Four Filial Piety of Japan)," "Kenshinkan Kitsunebi no Dan." The fox that appears in this play is a good fox. A similar phenomenon to foxfires is seen in various parts of Europe, but in Germany it is called Irrlicht, and is thought to be the tricks of kobolds, little people who live on roofs. It is also interesting that they often appear along rivers, just like in Japan. Foxfire is a winter seasonal word.

[Nemoto Junkichi]

"Contemporary Mysterious Fires: A Study of Foxfires" by Yoshiharu Kakuta (1979, Tairiku Shobo)

The Foxfire Principle
The light from the source S, which is normally invisible due to an obstacle B (such as an earthen bank), is reflected by anomalous refraction near the ground, as shown in the figure, and is seen by observer P as S' above the earthen bank .

The Foxfire Principle

Prince's Foxfire
There is a legend that every year on New Year's Eve, foxes from all over Kanto gather in Oji, Kita-ku, Tokyo, lighting foxfires. It is said that they dress themselves under a Japanese hackberry tree (a type of Japanese hackberry) near the Inari Shrine and head to the shrine. The number of foxfires is said to predict the coming year's prosperity or misfortune. Utagawa Hiroshige, "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo: Oji Shozoku Enoki New Year's Eve Foxfires," 1857 (Ansei 4), National Diet Library .

Prince's Foxfire


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

山際や川沿いの所などに現れる怪光の一種。現在なお正体不明の部分が多い。英語でフォックスファイアfox fireという場合のフォックスは、キツネのことではなく、朽ちるとか、腐って色が変わるとかいう動詞、あるいは朽ち木などについたバクテリアの発光をいう。しかしこれは4、5メートルも離れると見えないから、古来、日本で見られた狐火とは違う。更科公護(さらしなきみもり)は、日本における狐火の見え方の特徴を次のようにまとめている(1958)。

(1)火の気のない所に火の玉が一列に並んで現れる。

(2)色は提灯(ちょうちん)または松明(たいまつ)のようである。

(3)狐火はついたり消えたり、消えたかと思うと、異なった方向に現れたりする。

(4)狐火の現れる季節は春から秋口にわたっており、蒸し暑い夏、どんよりとした天気の変わり目に現れやすい。

(5)狐火の正体を見届けに行くと、途中でかならず消えてしまう。

 狐火についてはその後、角田義治の詳細な研究(1977)があり、これは山間部から平野部に向かう扇状地などに現れやすい光の異常屈折によってほぼ説明できることが明らかにされた。

[根本順吉]

民俗

狐火の正体として、越後(えちご)(新潟県)のものは天然の石油の発火というようなことも考えられるが、発光の原因としては、このほか球電現象による場合もあったであろう。江戸で有名なのは王子の狐火で、毎年大つごもりの夜にはよく現れ、これをわざわざ見物に出かける人もいた。芝居では『本朝廿四孝(にじゅうしこう)』という狂言の四段目「謙信館狐火の段」で舞台の上で狐火を見せる。この芝居に出る狐は善玉の狐である。狐火と同様の現象はヨーロッパの各地でも見られているが、ドイツではこれをイルリヒトIrrlichtといい、屋根に住む小人コボルトのなす術(わざ)と考えられている。出現する場所が日本と同様、川沿いの所に多いことも興味深い。狐火は冬の季語となっている。

[根本順吉]

『角田義治著『現代怪火考――狐火の研究』(1979・大陸書房)』

狐火の原理
普通は障害物B(土堤など)によって見えない光源Sの光は、地面付近の異常屈折によって図のように浮き上がり、観測者Pからは土堤の上にS'として見える©Shogakukan">

狐火の原理

王子の狐火
東京都北区王子には、毎年大晦日の夜に関東中のキツネが狐火を灯して集まったという伝説が残る。稲荷神社の近くにあったエノキ(装束榎)のもとで身なりを整え、社へ向かったといわれている。その狐火の数で翌年の豊凶を占ったという。歌川広重画『名所江戸百景 王子装束ゑの木大晦日の狐火』 1857年(安政4)国立国会図書館所蔵">

王子の狐火


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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