Coffee shop - Kissaten

Japanese: 喫茶店 - きっさてん
Coffee shop - Kissaten

A shop that serves coffee, tea, various non-alcoholic beverages, cakes, fruit, and light snacks such as sandwiches.

[Noh Sato]

history

It is said that the first coffee shop was opened in Istanbul, Turkey in 1551 and was named a café. Coffee was exported from Turkey to various countries, and by the end of the 16th century, there were 3,000 coffee shops in Cairo, Egypt, and by the mid-17th century, it had spread to England, France, America and other countries. British coffee houses in particular played a central role in information culture and were deeply involved in politics, society and culture. In 18th century London, there were said to be over 2,000 shops. Later, in Europe, coffee gradually became a gathering place for artists and took on a cabaret-like character.

In America, coffee shops were often attached to drugstores and mainly served cakes, but self-service chain stores offering a wide variety of coffee and soft drinks as well as light meals have begun to open mainly in large cities. In France and Italy, there are also stores that double as tobacco stores selling candy and postcards, pizzerias, and stores that serve breakfast to early morning office workers. In northern European countries with short hours of daylight, there are also stores that double as restaurants, with tables and chairs placed on the outdoor sidewalk where customers can sunbathe.

In Japan, during the Edo period there were places called Mizuchaya, and in the Meiji period newspaper reading rooms and milk halls appeared, and there is a record that in 1878 (Meiji 11) Hokodo in Motomachi, Kobe, sold coffee and served it on the premises. It is said that a coffee shop called Senshu-tei opened in Nihonbashi, Tokyo in 1886, but the first modern coffee shop is said to have been Kahi Chakan, which opened in Kuromon-cho, Shitaya, Tokyo in 1888. In the Taisho period the number of coffee shops increased, and in Kobe there were food stalls that served coffee, but gradually they were divided into pure coffee shops and cafes that served alcoholic beverages, Western food, and other things and had waitresses to serve customers.

[Noh Sato]

Japanese coffee shops after World War II

After World War II, cafes changed their business model to cabarets and clubs, and the number of coffee shops increased rapidly from the 1950s onwards as the economy developed. The trend reached a peak with the emergence of snack coffee shops in the early 1960s, which expanded their menu to include food and alcohol. However, the subsequent spread of instant coffee slowed the growth in coffee shop customer numbers. In the late 1960s, specialty coffee shops, which emphasized quality in order to compete with instant coffee, saw rapid growth. Thus, coffee shops, especially coffee shops, reached a second peak as a profitable industry with low cost rates. In 1981 (Showa 56), the total number of coffee shops reached 160,000, making coffee shops the number one in the restaurant industry in terms of number of shops.

However, this boom began to slow from around 1982 as competition between stores intensified and the number of new stores began to plateau. Increasing store opening costs and rising labor costs ate away at profits. To overcome this situation, coffee shops once again strengthened their food menus in addition to coffee. However, in this field they faced strong competitors in the form of family restaurants and fast food restaurants, which had rapidly increased in number since the 1970s. Convenience stores were one of these, and coffee shop food menus were no match for them.

This situation was overcome by the self-service coffee shops that appeared in the late 1970s. Taking advantage of the advantage of being able to open shops in urban areas where opening costs are high by keeping raw material and labor costs down and focusing on low-priced coffee (150 to 200 yen), the number of shops grew to more than 2,500 by 2000. Leading overseas chains have also entered the market for low-priced, self-service coffee shops.

In contrast to these coffee shops, coffee and tea specialty shops, although few in number, are also showing steady performance. Also, in regional cities, restaurant-type cafes with strengthened food menus are replacing traditional coffee shops. In this way, it can be said that coffee shops are differentiated into three patterns: (1) low-cost, self-service coffee shops, (2) coffee specialty shops that emphasize quality, and (3) restaurant-type cafes, which are mainly found in regional cities.

[Mashiko Nagashima]

"Coffee House" by Akio Kobayashi (1984, Jinjindo Publishing)

[Reference] | Cafe

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

コーヒー、紅茶、酒類以外の各種飲料、ケーキ、果物のほかサンドイッチなど軽食を供する店。

[佐藤農人]

歴史

1551年にトルコのイスタンブールでカッフェーと名づけて開かれたのが始まりといわれる。そのトルコから各国にコーヒーが輸出されて、16世紀末にはエジプトのカイロに3000に及ぶコーヒー店ができ、17世紀なかばにはイギリス、フランス、アメリカなどにも普及した。とくにイギリスのコーヒーハウスは、情報文化の中心的役割を果たし、政治・社会・文化に深くかかわりをもった。18世紀のロンドンには2000以上の店があったという。その後ヨーロッパではしだいに芸術家たちのたまり場になってキャバレー的性格を帯びた。

 アメリカにおける喫茶店としては、ドラッグストアに付属してケーキ類を主に供する店が多かったが、多種類のコーヒーとソフトドリンクを主に軽食も供するセルフサービス方式のチェーン店が大都市を中心に展開するようになった。フランスやイタリアなどには、たばこ店を兼ねてキャンディーや絵葉書を売ったり、ピッツェリーア(ピッツァ屋)を兼ねたり、朝早い勤め人や労働者に朝食を供する店もある。ヨーロッパ北部の日照時間の短い国では、屋外の歩道にテーブルや椅子(いす)を置いて日光浴もできるレストランと兼ねた店もある。

 日本では、江戸時代に水茶屋とよばれるものがあり、明治になって新聞縦覧所、ミルクホールなどが現れ、1878年(明治11)神戸・元町の放香堂でコーヒーを売るとともに店内で飲ませたという記録がみられる。そして86年東京・日本橋に洗愁亭というコーヒー店ができたといわれるが、近代的喫茶店としては88年東京・下谷(したや)黒門町に開店した可否茶館(カッヒーちゃかん)が最初とされている。大正時代に入って喫茶店はその数を増し、神戸にはコーヒーを飲ませる屋台店なども現れたが、しだいに純粋の喫茶店と、酒類や洋食などを供し女給を置いてサービスするカフェーとに分かれた。

[佐藤農人]

第二次世界大戦後の日本の喫茶店

第二次世界大戦後、カフェーはキャバレーやクラブへとその業態を変え、喫茶店は昭和30年代以降、経済の発展とともに急速に店舗数を増やした。そして、昭和40年代の前半に生まれた、フードやアルコールにまでメニューを広げたスナック喫茶で一つの頂点を迎える。しかし、その後のインスタントコーヒーの普及によって、喫茶店の客数の伸びは鈍化する。昭和40年代後半になると、インスタントコーヒーに対抗して品質を前面に打ち出した、コーヒー専門店が急速に伸びてくる。こうして喫茶店、とりわけコーヒー専門店は、低い原価率で儲(もう)かる業種として第二の頂点を築く。1981年(昭和56)には、喫茶店の総店舗数16万店となり、店舗の数では飲食店業界のなかで第1位となった。

 しかし、この隆盛も1982年ごろからは店舗間の競合が激しくなり、出店数も頭打ちになっていく。店舗の出店費用の増大、人件費の高騰等が利益を奪っていったのである。この状況を打開するため、喫茶店はふたたびコーヒーに加えて、フードメニューを強化した。しかし、この分野には1970年代から急速に店舗数を増やしたファミリーレストランやファーストフード店という強力な競争相手がいる。コンビニエンス・ストアもその一つで、喫茶店のフードメニューでは太刀打ちできなかった。

 この局面を打開したのが、昭和50年代後半に生まれたセルフサービス方式のコーヒーショップである。低価格(150~200円)のコーヒーを中心に、原材料費と人件費を抑えることで出店費用の高い都心にも出店できるというメリット(利点)をいかして、2000年(平成12)には2500店以上にまで成長した。低価格、セルフサービス方式のコーヒーショップには、海外の有力チェーンも参入している。

 こうしたコーヒーショップとは逆に、数は少ないがコーヒー専門店や紅茶専門店も堅調な業績を示している。また、地方都市ではフードメニューを強化したレストランタイプのカフェーが、在来の喫茶店にとってかわっている。このように、喫茶店は(1)低価格、セルフサービス方式のコーヒーショップ、(2)品質重視のコーヒー専門店、(3)地方都市中心のレストランタイプのカフェー、といった三つのパターンに分化しているといってよいであろう。

[永嶋万州彦]

『小林章夫著『コーヒー・ハウス』(1984・駸々堂出版)』

[参照項目] | カフェー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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