Cowboy (English spelling)

Japanese: カウボーイ(英語表記)cowboy
Cowboy (English spelling)
A cowboy, skilled in handling cattle from horseback, mainly in the western United States. He became an essential worker in the cattle industry west of the Mississippi River and became a romanticized figure in American folklore. Around 1820, American settlers encountered vaqueros (Spanish for cowboy, pronounced buckaroo in English) on ranches in Texas, and some of them learned skills such as lasso, saddle, spurs, and branding from vaqueros. After the end of the Civil War in 1865, many Texans became involved in cattle raising as a lucrative beef market developed in northern cities. Cattle ranching spread across the Great Plains to Canada and west to the Rocky Mountains. A herd of about 2,500 cattle typically had 8 to 12 cowboys to tend the cattle. In autumn, they rounded up cattle, including those without owners, from the shared pastures, branded those that had not yet been branded as trademarks, watched over the herds during the winter, and in spring selected cattle ready for market and transported them to the nearest town with a railroad station. The journey was often several hundred kilometers. After selling the cattle to buyers in the east, the cowboys returned home to begin the next year's work. As farmland expanded with the development of the west, pastureland was converted into farms. In 1890, cattle drivers were forced to settle in ranches surrounded by barbed wire near railroad tracks. Thus, cowboys declined, but from the late 19th century to the 20th century, the image of a silent western hero with a self-reliant air was established in the world of fiction, such as dime novels, and has been passed down through movies and TV dramas. (→ gaucho, western)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
おもにアメリカ合衆国西部で,馬上から牧牛を扱う技能をもつ牧夫。ミシシッピ川以西で牧畜業に不可欠の働き手となり,アメリカの民間伝承においてその人物像は美化された。1820年頃,アメリカ人開拓者はテキサスの牧場でバケーロ vaquero(スペイン語でカウボーイの意。英語ではバッカルーと発音される)に出会い,なかにはバケーロから投縄(ラッソ),鞍,拍車,焼印などに関する技能を習得する者たちもいた。南北戦争終結後の 1865年以降,北部の諸都市で高い利益を生む牛肉市場が形成されると,多くのテキサス州民がウシの飼育に従事するようになった。牧畜業はグレートプレーンズを越えてカナダへ,また西のロッキー山脈へと広がった。一般的に約 2500頭のウシの群れにカウボーイ 8~12人が伴ってウシの世話をする。秋になると,共有の放牧地で持ち主のいないウシなども含めてウシを駆り集め,商標としての焼印がまだ押されていないウシには焼印を押し,冬の間はウシの群れを見守り,春になると市場に出せる状態のウシを選び,最寄りの鉄道駅がある町まで群れを移送した。その道程は数百kmに及ぶことが多かった。町でウシを東部の買い手に売り渡したカウボーイたちはつかの間の息抜きを楽しんだのち,帰途について次の 1年の営みを始めた。西部開拓による農地の拡大に伴って放牧地は農場へと転換されていった。牛追いたちも 1890年には鉄道の線路付近などで有刺鉄線に囲まれた牧場に定住することを強いられた。こうしてカウボーイは衰退したが,19世紀末から 20世紀にかけていわゆる三文小説などフィクションの世界において,独立独歩を貫く風格の備わった西部の寡黙なヒーローという人物像が定着し,映画やテレビドラマを通じて語り継がれている。(→ガウチョ,西部物)

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