A bill of exchange when an unauthorized person makes a bill of exchange by forging another person's signature. A bill of exchange is usually forged in the name of another person using a stolen or forged seal, but it can also be forged by a signature or misuse of another person's seal that has been entrusted to the person for a different purpose, or by misusing another person's signature on a document for a different purpose. When an unauthorized person makes a bill of exchange by agency, it is unauthorized agency and not a forgery of a bill of exchange. If a bill of exchange is forged, the bill of exchange is invalid and the forged person is not liable for the bill to anyone. However, since the forgery of a bill of exchange is generally recognized to have a substantially similar relationship to unauthorized agency, the forged person is considered to be liable for the bill of exchange by analogy with the provisions on apparent agency under general private law. In addition, if the forger is an employee of the forged person, the forger may be liable for tort as an employee (Civil Code 715). Furthermore, recent case law has determined that the victim of the forgery may ratify it, as in the case of unauthorized agency. A forger of a bill is liable under the Criminal Code for the crime of forgery of securities or false entry on securities (Criminal Code, Article 162) and for tort under the Civil Code (Civil Code, Article 709). Opinions are divided as to whether a forger is liable for a bill, but recent case law has determined that a forger is liable for a bill by analogy with Article 8 of the Bills of Exchange Act, which stipulates the liability of unauthorized agents for bills. When a bill is forged, the forged bill act is invalid, but other bill acts made on the bill are effective independently, and the signer is liable for the bill (principle of independent bill acts). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
無権限者が他人の署名を偽って手形行為をした場合の手形。手形の偽造は,盗取または偽造した印章を用いて他人名義の手形行為をするのが通常であるが,署名を偽造したり,別の目的で預っている他人の印章を濫用して行う場合もあり,または別の目的で紙面になされた他人の署名を悪用して手形行為をする場合もある。無権限者が代理方式により手形行為をした場合は,無権代理であって,手形の偽造ではない。手形が偽造された場合,その手形行為は無効であって,被偽造者はなんぴとに対しても手形責任を負わない。しかし一般には手形の偽造は実質的に無権代理と類似の関係が認められるので,被偽造者は,一般私法上の表見代理に関する規定の類推適用により,表見責任を負うものとされている。また,偽造者が被偽造者の使用人である場合には,被偽造者は使用者として不法行為責任を負うことがある (民法 715) 。さらに最近の判例によれば,被偽造者は,無権代理の場合と同様に,これを追認することができるとされている。手形の偽造者は,有価証券偽造罪または有価証券虚偽記入罪としての刑法上の責任 (刑法 162) ,および民法上の不法行為責任 (民法 709) を負う。このほかに,偽造者が手形責任を負うかについて,見解が分れているが,最近の判例によれば,偽造者は,無権代理人の手形責任を定めた手形法8条の類推適用により,手形責任を負うものとされる。手形が偽造された場合,偽造の手形行為は無効となるが,その手形上になされたそれ以外の手形行為は独立して効力を生じ,その署名者は手形責任を負う (手形行為独立の原則) 。
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